A 2-Stage EM Algorithm for Online Peak Detection, an Application to TCSPC Data

Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) sensors based on the combination of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs), Time to Digital Converters (TDCs) and histogram-builders have become a standard for depth imaging using direct Time of Flight (D-ToF). However, one of the main current issue of...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE transactions on circuits and systems. II, Express briefs Express briefs, 2022-09, Vol.69 (9), p.3625-3629
Main Authors: Poisson, Valentin, Guicquero, William, Coriat, David, Sicard, Gilles
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Algorithms
Avalanche diodes
Classification algorithms
Compression ratio
Digital imaging
Filtering algorithms
Hardware
Histograms
Mixture models
online expectation maximization
Photon avalanches
Photonics
Photons
Physics
Single-photon avalanche diodes
SPAD sensors
Time-correlated single photon counting
ToF imaging
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Summary:Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) sensors based on the combination of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs), Time to Digital Converters (TDCs) and histogram-builders have become a standard for depth imaging using direct Time of Flight (D-ToF). However, one of the main current issue of this working mode is intrinsically due to the large amount of data required to generate pixelwise ToF histograms. To overcome this limitation, a 2-stage Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for online peak detection with its Register Transfer Level hardware implementation is proposed. The online estimator consists in sequentially computing the statistical parameters that directly encode the latent spatial distance and intensity information of the illuminated scene. The evaluation on synthetic data demonstrates that with a compression ratio of 0.4%, our approach can efficiently reduce the pixel pitch by around 40% without sacrificing timing resolution.
ISSN:1549-7747
1558-3791
DOI:10.1109/TCSII.2022.3181687