Experimental Statistical Method Predicting AC Losses on Random Windings and PWM Effect Evaluation

• Published in: IEEE transactions on energy conversion 2021-09, Vol.36 (3), p.2287-2296
• Main Authors: Preci, Eraldo, Valente, Giorgio, Galassini, Alessandro, Yuan, Xin, Degano, Michele, Gerada, David, Buticchi, Giampaolo, Gerada, Christopher
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: AC losses evaluation; Coils (windings); Conductors; Converters; Copper; Copper loss; Electrical Machines; Electrification; Energy conversion efficiency; Evaluation; Excitation; Finite element analysis; Finite element method; High frequencies; High frequency; High frequency excitations; Pulse duration modulation; PWM effects; Random windings; Resistance; Statistical analysis; Topology; Two dimensional analysis; Winding; Windings; Wires
• ISSN: 0885-8969; 1558-0059
• DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2020.3040265

Nowadays, one of the challenges in transport electrification is the reduction of the components' size and weight in order to improve the power density. This is often achieved by designing electrical machines with higher rotational speeds and excitation frequencies. In addition, the converter needs to control the machine over a wide speed range given by the mission profile. Therefore, copper losses can significantly increase due to the combination of high frequency excitation and the harmonics introduced by the converter. The winding arrangement design plays a key role in the minimization of the copper losses, thus towards a higher efficiency and/or an improved power density. Different winding topologies can be adopted for high speed electrical machines and amongst them random windings are still one of the most widespread types. This paper presents an in depth study on AC losses in random windings for high frequency motor applications. An analytical method is compared against 2-D Finite Element (FE) simulation results. These are then compared to experimental measurements taken on a custom motorette. Importantly, in order to take into account the random positions of each strand within the machine slots, an Experimental Statistic Method (ESM) is proposed. The ESM allows to define the probability distribution which is useful to evaluate the winding copper losses at the design stage. The contribution of the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) effect is also considered and experimentally evaluated.