High-Efficiency Input and Output Harmonically Engineered Power Amplifiers

• Published in: IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques 2018-02, Vol.66 (2), p.1002-1014
• Main Authors: Sharma, Tushar, Srinidhi, E. R., Darraji, Ramzi, Holmes, Damon G., Staudinger, Joseph, Jones, Jeffrey K., Ghannouchi, Fadhel M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Amplification; Amplifier design; Class F; class GF; Computing time; Efficiency; Electric potential; Formulations; Gallium nitride; gallium nitride (GaN); Harmonic analysis; harmonic tuned (HT); Harmonics; high efficiency; input waveform shaping; Loading; load–pull; Logic gates; Nonlinearity; Performance evaluation; Power amplifiers; power amplifiers (PAs); Power efficiency; Radio frequency; Studies; Voltage measurement
• ISSN: 0018-9480; 1557-9670
• DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2017.2756046

This paper presents an in-depth, systematic study of the impact of input and output harmonics in the design of high-efficiency power amplifiers (PAs). The study evaluates the performance of harmonically tuned amplifiers, tackling concurrently both input and output harmonics. The proposed theory starts with deriving an altered input voltage waveform under the impact of input nonlinearity. Intrinsic drain voltage and drain current components are formulated as a function of the conduction angle \alpha considering both source and load terminations. Output power and drain efficiency are then computed as a function of input nonlinearity, \alpha , and output loading conditions. The derived formulations allow to investigate the design sensitivity to input nonlinearity and its impact on fundamental design space. The impact of source harmonics is evaluated using harmonic source pull under different output loading conditions. Thereafter, PA design and implementation has been carried out using NXP 1.95 mm die to confirm the distinctive behavior of class GF and GF −1 amplifiers with respect to the input harmonic terminations. For practical validation, four different design cases with different second harmonic source impedances are investigated. At 2.6 GHz, drain efficiencies ranging between 76% and 83% were exhibited depending on the source and load harmonic tuning for each design case. Measurement results confirm the theoretical findings reported in this paper.