Low-Cost Millimeter Wave Frequency Scanning Based Synthesis Aperture Imaging System for Concealed Weapon Detection

• Published in: IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques 2022-07, Vol.70 (7), p.3688-3699
• Main Authors: Li, Shichao, Wu, Shiyou
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Aperture imaging; Beam steering; Concealed weapons detection; Costs; Focal plane; Frequency control; Frequency scanning; Frequency scanning antennas (FSAs); frequency scanning-based synthetic aperture radar (F-SAR); Image resolution; Imaging; Leaky waves; Lenses; Low cost; Millimeter waves; millimeter-wave imaging; MIMO communication; Radar imaging; Signal processing; Synthetic aperture radar; Tomography; Waveguides; weapon detection
• ISSN: 0018-9480; 1557-9670
• DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2022.3176404

In this article, a novel low-cost frequency scanning-based synthetic aperture radar (F-SAR) system is proposed for high-resolution imaging. F-SAR scheme is demonstrated for personal screening for the first time. A hybrid scanning model is presented to illuminate the human body, namely, frequency control beam steering in cross-track and mechanical scanning in along-track. A frequency scanning-based tomographic SAR focusing algorithm is proposed. Accordingly, a power spectrum estimation algorithm in cross-track and synthetical aperture processing in along-track are compounded in the signal processing framework. Unlike a variety of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) array imaging which illuminates the object by switching different channels sequentially over separate time intervals, the F-SAR concept sweeps across all swaths over each chirp by employing a frequency scanned beam. Herein imaging time and hardware cost can be significantly cut down by dimensionality reduction from the MIMO system to a single input single output (SISO) system. Furthermore, to fulfill the particular scheme of the F-SAR system, a novel combo antenna module, leaky-wave slotted waveguide combined with a cylindrical lens, is proposed and achieved at 78-92-GHz band, by which a steering fan-beam focused at the object under test (OUT) plane is radiated. The radiation beam is focalized by the cylindrical lens accompanied by frequency sweeping, while is diffused in along-track. The frequency-controlled beam-steering concept and the fan-beam focusing mechanism are verified by the chamber measurements. The measured scanning range is 23°. Beamwidth of 11-16 mm is obtained at the focal plane. Beam steering in cross-track together with mechanical scanning in along-track can attain a field of view (FoV) of 0.54 2 \text{m}^{2} . Through-clothes imaging of person-borne concealed objects and the real-time capability are demonstrated by experiments. Resolutions in both along-track and cross-track can reach 5 mm.