Broadband Coaxial S-Parameter Measurements for Cryogenic Quantum Technologies

Development of RF and microwave metrology capabilities at cryogenic temperatures is critical for the development of high-performance microwave devices to facilitate commercialization of cryogenic quantum technologies. This article presents a broadband microwave S-parameter calibration scheme suitabl...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques 2024-04, Vol.72 (4), p.1-9
Main Authors: Shin, Sang-Hee, Stanley, Manoj, Skinner, James, de Graaf, Sebastian E., Ridler, Nick M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Attenuators
Broadband
Calibration
Commercialization
Cryoforming
Cryogenic temperature
Cryogenics
Electrical properties
Frequency ranges
Load matching
Low temperature measurement
microwave calibration
Microwave measurement
Microwave technology
Parameters
Quantum computing
S-parameters
Scattering parameters
superconducting quantum
thru-reflect-line (TRL) calibration
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Summary:Development of RF and microwave metrology capabilities at cryogenic temperatures is critical for the development of high-performance microwave devices to facilitate commercialization of cryogenic quantum technologies. This article presents a broadband microwave S-parameter calibration scheme suitable for cryogenic environments operating at temperatures down to tens of milli-kelvin (mK). The technique is based on a weighted multi-line thru-reflect-line (TRL) calibration approach and is demonstrated using coaxial air line calibration standards. One-and two-port microwave devices commonly used in cryogenic quantum computing applications, a cryogenic 50 ~\Omega matched load and a cryogenic 6 dB attenuator, were measured. The measured results at mK temperatures indicate that when combined with calibration standards of appropriate electrical length, the weighted multi-line TRL calibration scheme allows broadband frequency coverage compared to conventional TRL calibration schemes utilizing a single line standard. The mechanical and electrical properties of the line standards at mK temperatures were investigated and discussed. These findings establish the feasibility of utilizing multiple off-the-shelf coaxial air lines to enhance the frequency range of calibrations at mK temperatures.
ISSN:0018-9480
1557-9670
DOI:10.1109/TMTT.2023.3322909