Enhancement of Bilateral Cortical Somatosensory Evoked Potentials to Intact Forelimb Stimulation Following Thoracic Contusion Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

• Published in: IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering 2014-09, Vol.22 (5), p.953-964
• Main Authors: Bazley, Faith A., Maybhate, Anil, Tan, Chuen Seng, Thakor, Nitish V., Kerr, Candace, All, Angelo H.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Contusion spinal cord injury; Contusions - physiopathology; cortical plasticity; Educational institutions; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes; Electrodes, Implanted; electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Fasteners; Female; Forelimb - physiopathology; Functional Laterality; Injuries; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neuronal Plasticity - physiology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Skin; somatosensory evoked potentials; Spinal cord; Spinal cord injuries; Spinal Cord Injuries - physiopathology; Thoracic Vertebrae - injuries; unilateral spinal cord injury
• ISSN: 1534-4320; 1558-0210
• DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2014.2319313

The adult central nervous system is capable of significant reorganization and adaptation following neurotrauma. After a thoracic contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) neuropathways that innervate the cord below the epicenter of injury are damaged, with minimal prospects for functional recovery. In contrast, pathways above the site of injury remain intact and may undergo adaptive changes in response to injury. We used cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) to evaluate changes in intact forelimb pathways. Rats received a midline contusion SCI, unilateral contusion SCI, or laminectomy with no contusion at the T8 level and were monitored for 28 days post-injury. In the midline injury group, SSEPs recorded from the contralateral forelimb region of the primary somatosensory cortex were 59.7% (CI 34.7%, 84.8%; c 2 = 21.9; dof = 1; p = 2.9 ×10 -6 ) greater than the laminectomy group; SSEPs from the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex were 47.6% (CI 18.3%, 77%; c 2 = 10.1; dof = 1; p = 0.001) greater. Activation of the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex was further supported by BOLD-fMRI, which showed increased oxygenation at the ipsilateral hemisphere at day seven post-injury. In the unilateral injury group, ipsilesional side was compared to the contralesional side. SSEPs on day 14 (148%; CI 111%, 185%) and day 21 (137%; CI 110%, 163%) for ipsilesional forelimb stimulation were significantly increased over baseline (100%). SSEPs recorded from the hindlimb sensory cortex upon ipsilesional stimulation were 33.9% (CI 14.3%, 53.4%; c 2 = 11.6; dof = 1; p = 0.0007) greater than contralesional stimulation. Therefore, these results demonstrate the ability of SSEPs to detect significant enhancements in the activation of forelimb sensory pathways following both midline and unilateral contusive SCI at T8. Reorganization of forelimb pathways may occur after thoracic SCI, which SSEPs can monitor to aid the development of future therapies.