Reconciling Tap-Changing Transformer Models

The model of the tap changing transformer used in classic power system studies, including load flow analysis or state estimation, is still somehow controversial. Two alternative formulations can be found in the literature, which have been adopted by the most important software packages. This work de...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE transactions on power delivery 2019-12, Vol.34 (6), p.2266-2268
Main Authors: Cano, Jose M., Mojumdar, Md Rejwanur Rashid, Orcajo, Gonzalo Alonso
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Admittance
Impedance
Load modeling
Power factor
Power transformers
Reactive power
State estimation
tap changers
transformer models
Transformers
Windings
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Summary:The model of the tap changing transformer used in classic power system studies, including load flow analysis or state estimation, is still somehow controversial. Two alternative formulations can be found in the literature, which have been adopted by the most important software packages. This work demonstrates that those formulations lead to similar results near the principal tap but to important discrepancies at extreme tap positions, with different impact depending on the power factor of the power flowing through the transformer. Moreover, a general model that fully explains those differences is proposed. The new model allows to adopt a third alternative that, without requiring further data than those used by traditional formulations, leads to highly improved results.
ISSN:0885-8977
1937-4208
DOI:10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2940422