Statistical Form amongst the D armstadt School

• Published in: Music analysis 2014-10, Vol.33 (3), p.341-387
• Main Author: Iverson, Jennifer
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0262-5245; 1468-2249
• DOI: 10.1111/musa.12037

This article analyses the D armstadt composers' discourse around the concept of ‘statistical form’ in the mid‐ to late 1950s and early 1960s. Stockhausen introduced this terminology in a 1954 analysis of D ebussy's J eux , but the real inspiration lies in the nascent electronic music studio. Using score and sketch analysis, published writings and correspondence, I show how L igeti, B oulez and P ousseur also made critical contributions to the definition and application of statistical form in music. Along the way I introduce foundational concepts from information theory and show how they were disseminated in M oles's and M eyer‐ E ppler's teachings and writings. Via information theory, I investigate how X enakis's early stochastic sound‐mass music and C age's aleatory techniques are related to statistical form. Ultimately, I show that a network of shared ideas underlies statistical form, even when debate characterises the discourse and each composer's musical rendering of the concept is distinct. In closing, the article suggests that statistical form represents a second stage of serialism, precipitating a move towards density and texture in sound that was shared by many in the D armstadt circle.