Decarbonizing the US Energy System

• Published in: Annual review of environment and resources 2024-10, Vol.49 (1), p.163-189
• Main Authors: Hendrickson, Thomas P, Abhyankar, Nikit, Mohanty, Priyanka, Mayfield, Kimberley K, Kirkendall, Whitney, Stanley, Alexander J, Stack, Stephen, Yang, Hung-Chia, Satchwell, Andrew J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: decarbonization; equity and environmental justice; political economy; technology adoption
• ISSN: 1543-5938; 1545-2050
• DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-091927

Recent rapid and unexpected cost reductions in decarbonization technologies have accelerated the cost-effective decarbonization of the US economy, with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions falling by 20% from 2005 to 2020. The literature on US economy-wide decarbonization focuses on maximizing long-term GHG emissions reduction strategies that rely mostly on renewable energy expansion, electrification, and efficiency improvements to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. While these studies provide a valuable foundation, further research is needed to properly support decarbonization policy development and implementation. In this review, we identify key decarbonization analysis gaps and opportunities, including issues related to cross-sectoral linkages, spatial and temporal granularity, consumer behavior, emerging technologies, equity and environmental justice, and political economy. We conclude by discussing the implications of these analysis gaps for US decarbonization pathways and how they relate to challenges facing major global emitters.