Ethanol metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase or cytochrome P 450 2E1 differentially impairs hepatic protein trafficking and growth hormone signaling

• Published in: American journal of physiology: Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 2017-12, Vol.313 (6), p.G558-G569
• Main Authors: Doody, Erin E, Groebner, Jennifer L, Walker, Jetta R, Frizol, Brittnee M, Tuma, Dean J, Fernandez, David J, Tuma, Pamela L
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acetaldehyde - metabolism; Acetylation; Alcohol Dehydrogenase - metabolism; Animals; Antioxidants - pharmacology; Biotransformation; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 - metabolism; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors - pharmacology; Endocytosis; Ethanol - metabolism; Ethanol - toxicity; Growth Hormone - genetics; Growth Hormone - metabolism; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Janus Kinase 2 - genetics; Janus Kinase 2 - metabolism; Liver - drug effects; Liver - enzymology; Microtubule Proteins - metabolism; Oxidative Stress; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Protein Transport; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; Signal Transduction; STAT5 Transcription Factor - genetics; STAT5 Transcription Factor - metabolism
• ISSN: 0193-1857; 1522-1547
• DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00027.2017

The liver metabolizes alcohol using alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and cytochrome P 2E1 (CYP2E1). Both enzymes metabolize ethanol into acetaldehyde, but CYP2E1 activity also results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that promote oxidative stress. We have previously shown that microtubules are hyperacetylated in ethanol-treated polarized, hepatic WIF-B cells and livers from ethanol-fed rats. We have also shown that enhanced protein acetylation correlates with impaired clathrin-mediated endocytosis, constitutive secretion, and nuclear translocation and that the defects are likely mediated by acetaldehyde. However, the roles of CYP2E1-generated metabolites and ROS in microtubule acetylation and these alcohol-induced impairments have not been examined. To determine if CYP2E1-mediated alcohol metabolism is required for enhanced acetylation and the trafficking defects, we coincubated cells with ethanol and diallyl sulfide (DAS; a CYP2E1 inhibitor) or -acetyl cysteine (NAC; an antioxidant). Both agents failed to prevent microtubule hyperacetylation in ethanol-treated cells and also failed to prevent impaired secretion or clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Somewhat surprisingly, both DAS and NAC prevented impaired STAT5B nuclear translocation. Further examination of microtubule-independent steps of the pathway revealed that Jak2/STAT5B activation by growth hormone was prevented by DAS and NAC. These results were confirmed in ethanol-exposed HepG2 cells expressing only ADH or CYP2E1. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we further determined that ethanol exposure led to blunted growth hormone-mediated gene expression. In conclusion, we determined that alcohol-induced microtubule acetylation and associated defects in microtubule-dependent trafficking are mediated by ADH metabolism whereas impaired microtubule-independent Jak2/STAT5B activation is mediated by CYP2E1 activity. Impaired growth hormone-mediated signaling is observed in ethanol-exposed hepatocytes and is explained by differential effects of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)- and cytochrome P 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated ethanol metabolism on the Jak2/STAT5B pathway.