Repeated seizures lead to progressive ventilatory dysfunction in SS Kcnj16-/- rats

• Published in: Journal of applied physiology (1985) 2023-10, Vol.135 (4), p.872-885
• Main Authors: Manis, Anna D, Cook-Snyder, Denise R, Duffy, Erin, Osmani, Wasif A, Eilbes, Melissa, Dillard, Matthew, Palygin, Oleg, Staruschenko, Alexander, Hodges, Matthew R
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Death, Sudden - etiology; Death, Sudden - prevention & control; Electroencephalography - methods; Humans; Male; Rats; Seizures - complications; Serotonin; Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
• ISSN: 8750-7587; 1522-1601
• DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00072.2023

Patients with uncontrolled epilepsy experience repeated seizures putting them at increased risk for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Data from human patients have led to the hypothesis that SUDEP results from severe cardiorespiratory suppression after a seizure, which may involve pathological deficiencies in the brainstem serotonin (5-HT) system. Rats with a genomic mutation (SS rats) are susceptible to sound-induced generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) which, when repeated once daily for up to 10 days (10-day seizure protocol), increased mortality, particularly in male rats. Here, we test the hypothesis that repeated seizures across the 10-day protocol will cause a progressive ventilatory dysfunction due to time-dependent 5-HT deficiency. Initial severe seizures led to ictal and postictal apneas and transient decreases in breathing frequency, ventilatory drive, breath-to-breath variability, and brief hypoventilation. These seizure-induced effects on ventilation were exacerbated with increasing seizures and ventilatory chemoreflexes became further impaired after repeated seizures. Tissue analyses of key brainstem regions controlling breathing showed time-dependent 5-HT system suppression and increased immunoreactivity for IBA-1 (microglial marker) without changes in overall cell counts at 3, 7, and 10 days of seizures. Fluoxetine treatment in SS rats prevented repeated seizure-induced progressive respiratory suppression but failed to prevent seizure-related mortality. We conclude that repeated seizures cause a progressive compromise of ventilatory control in the immediate postictal period largely mediated by serotonin system suppression in brainstem regions of respiratory control. However, other unknown factors contribute to overall survival following repeated seizures in this model. This study demonstrated that repeated seizures in a novel rat model (SS rats) caused a progressively greater ventilatory dysfunction in the immediate postictal period associated with brainstem serotonin (5-HT) suppression. Augmenting brain 5-HT with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor prevented the progressive ventilatory dysfunction induced by repeated seizures but failed to prevent seizure-related mortality, suggesting that repeated seizures may lead to cardiorespiratory suppression and failure through multiple mechanisms.