Basal Cortisol Levels and Correlates of Hypoadrenalism in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

• Published in: Medical principles and practice 2011-01, Vol.20 (6), p.525-529
• Main Authors: Ekpebegh, Chukwuma O., Ogbera, Anthonia O., Longo-Mbenza, Benjamin, Blanco-Blanco, Ernesto, Awotedu, Ajani, Oluboyo, Patrick
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adrenal Insufficiency - blood; Adrenal Insufficiency - epidemiology; Adult; Aged; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytomegalovirus Infections - epidemiology; Cytomegalovirus Infections - pathology; Female; HIV Infections - epidemiology; HIV Infections - pathology; Humans; Hydrocortisone - blood; Male; Middle Aged; Original Paper; Prevalence; Risk Assessment; South Africa - epidemiology; Statistics as Topic; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1011-7571; 1423-0151
• DOI: 10.1159/000330022

Objective: To determine the frequency of occurrence of hypoadrenalism in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and document the clinical correlates of hypoadrenalism for this group of patients. Subjects and Methods: A descriptive study was carried out on 66 hospitalized HIV patients in a semi-urban setting of South Africa. Hypoadrenalism was diagnosed based on a basal cortisol level of less than 400 nmol/l with or without overt signs and symptoms. Clinical and biochemical parameters of hypoadrenalism were compared between subjects with suboptimal and normal cortisol levels. Statistical analysis included Student’s t test, χ 2 and Pearson’s correlation coefficient tests. Results: The prevalence of hypoadrenalism was 27% with a high occurrence of contributory factors (cytomegalovirus infection in 100% and tuberculosis in 68.2% of the study subjects). Typical features of hypoadrenalism included: hyponatremia, 19.6%; hyperkalemia, 6.1%; mucosal hyperpigmentation, 12%, and loss of axillary hair, 15%. Comparison of clinical and biochemical parameters of hypoadrenalism did not show a correlation between CD4 count and cortisol levels (r = 0.1 and p = 0.3). Conclusion: The prevalence of hypoadrenalism in our patients with HIV infection was high and the clinical features were comparable in subjects with normal and subnormal cortisol levels.