Comparative Acute Toxicity of Shale and Petroleum Derived Distillates

In anticipation of the commercialization of its shale oil retorting and upgrading process, Unocal Corp. conducted a testing program aimed at better defining potential health impacts of a shale industry. Acute toxicity studies using rats and rabbits compared the effects of naphtha, Jet-A, JP-4, diese...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Toxicology and industrial health 1989-12, Vol.5 (6), p.1005-1016
Main Authors: Clark, Charles R., Ferguson, Paul W., Katchen, Mark A., Dennis, Michael W., Craig, Douglas K.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alkanes - toxicity
Animals
Eye Burns - chemically induced
Female
Guinea Pigs
Male
Oils - toxicity
Petroleum - toxicity
Rabbits
Rats
Rats, Inbred Strains
Skin Tests - methods
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Description
Summary:In anticipation of the commercialization of its shale oil retorting and upgrading process, Unocal Corp. conducted a testing program aimed at better defining potential health impacts of a shale industry. Acute toxicity studies using rats and rabbits compared the effects of naphtha, Jet-A, JP-4, diesel and “residual” distillate fractions of both petroleum derived crude oils and hydrotreated shale oil. No differences in the acute oral (> 5 g/kg LD50) and dermal (> 2 g/kg LD50) toxicities were noted between the shale and petroleum derived distillates and none of the samples were more than mildly irritating to the eyes. Shale and petroleum products caused similar degrees of mild to moderate skin irritation. None of the materials produced sensitization reactions. The LC50 after acute inhalation exposure to Jet-A, shale naphtha, (> 5 mg/L) and JP-4 distillate fractions of petroleum and shale oils was greater than 5 mg/L. The LC50 of petroleum naphtha (> 4.8 mg/L) and raw shale oil (> 3.95 mg/L) also indicated low toxicity. Results demonstrate that shale oil products are of low acute toxicity, mild to moderately irritating and similar to their petroleum counterparts. The results further demonstrate that hydrotreatment reduces the irritancy of raw shale oil.
ISSN:0748-2337
1477-0393
DOI:10.1177/074823378900500608