Phenobarbital Monotherapy for the Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in Surgical-Trauma Patients

• Published in: The Annals of pharmacotherapy 2021-03, Vol.55 (3), p.294-302
• Main Authors: Ammar, Mahmoud A., Ammar, Abdalla A., Rosen, Jordan, Kassab, Hagar S., Becher, Robert D.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Benzodiazepines - pharmacology; Benzodiazepines - therapeutic use; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives - pharmacology; Hypnotics and Sedatives - therapeutic use; Male; Phenobarbital - pharmacology; Phenobarbital - therapeutic use; Retrospective Studies; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome - drug therapy; Wounds and Injuries - drug therapy
• ISSN: 1060-0280; 1542-6270
• DOI: 10.1177/1060028020949137

Background Benzodiazepine is first-line therapy for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), and phenobarbital is an alternative therapy. However, its use has not been well validated in the surgical-trauma patient population. Objective To describe the use of fixed-dose phenobarbital monotherapy for the management of patients at risk for AWS in the surgical-trauma intensive care unit. Methods Surgical-trauma critically ill patients who received phenobarbital monotherapy, loading dose followed by a taper regimen, for the management of AWS were included in this evaluation. The effectiveness of phenobarbital monotherapy to treat AWS and prevent development of AWS-related complications were evaluated. Safety end points assessed included significant hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, and need for invasive mechanical ventilation. Results A total of 31 patients received phenobarbital monotherapy; the majority of patients were at moderate risk for developing AWS (n = 20; 65%) versus high risk (n = 11; 35%). None of the patients developed AWS-related complications; all patients were successfully managed for their AWS. Nine patients (29%) received nonbenzodiazepine adjunct therapy for agitation post–phenobarbital initiation. Three patients (10%) experienced hypotension, and 3 (10%) were intubated. None of the patients had clinically significant bradycardia or respiratory depression. Conclusion and Relevance Fixed-dose phenobarbital monotherapy appears to be well tolerated and effective in the management of AWS. Further evaluation is needed to determine the extent of benefit with the use of phenobarbital monotherapy for management of AWS.