Toll-like receptor signaling and regulation of intestinal immunity

The intestine is a complex organ that must maintain tolerance to innocuous food antigens and commensal microbiota while being also able to mount inflammatory responses against invading pathogenic microorganisms. The ability to restrain tolerogenic responses while permitting inflammatory responses re...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Virulence 2013-04, Vol.4 (3), p.207-212
Main Authors: Kamdar, Karishma, Nguyen, Vivien, DePaolo, R. William
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Bacteria - growth & development
commensal microbiota
Homeostasis
Humans
Immunity, Mucosal
inflammation
intestine
Intestines - immunology
Intestines - microbiology
mucosal immunity
Review
Signal Transduction
TLR
tolerance
Toll-Like Receptors - genetics
Toll-Like Receptors - immunology
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Summary:The intestine is a complex organ that must maintain tolerance to innocuous food antigens and commensal microbiota while being also able to mount inflammatory responses against invading pathogenic microorganisms. The ability to restrain tolerogenic responses while permitting inflammatory responses requires communication between commensal bacteria, intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells. Disruption or improper signaling between any of these factors may lead to uncontrolled inflammation and the development of inflammatory diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize conserved molecular motifs of microorganisms and, not surprisingly, are important for maintaining tolerance to commensal microbiota, as well as inducing inflammation against pathogens. Perturbations in individual TLR signaling can lead to a number of different outcomes and illustrate a system of regulation within the intestine in which each TLR plays a largely non-redundant role in mucosal immunity. This review will discuss recent findings on the roles of individual TLRs and intestinal homeostasis.
ISSN:2150-5594
2150-5608
DOI:10.4161/viru.23354