Loading…

Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact

Purpose Nowadays, the electric vehicle is one of the most promising alternatives for sustainable transportation. However, the battery, which is one of the most important components, is the main contributor to environmental impact and faces recycling issues. In order to reduce the carbon footprint an...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:The international journal of life cycle assessment 2017-01, Vol.22 (1), p.82-93
Main Authors: Casals, Lluc Canals, García, Beatriz Amante, Aguesse, Frédéric, Iturrondobeitia, Amaia
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c596t-948bb21acaa4d82b44761a56f8ec6aea53a95b65930483395183db99cf0bcf4f3
cites cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c596t-948bb21acaa4d82b44761a56f8ec6aea53a95b65930483395183db99cf0bcf4f3
container_end_page 93
container_issue 1
container_start_page 82
container_title The international journal of life cycle assessment
container_volume 22
creator Casals, Lluc Canals
García, Beatriz Amante
Aguesse, Frédéric
Iturrondobeitia, Amaia
description Purpose Nowadays, the electric vehicle is one of the most promising alternatives for sustainable transportation. However, the battery, which is one of the most important components, is the main contributor to environmental impact and faces recycling issues. In order to reduce the carbon footprint and to minimize the overall recycling processes, this paper introduces the concept of re-use of electric vehicle batteries, analyzing some possible second-life applications. Methods First, the boundaries of the life cycle assessment of an electric vehicle are defined, considering the use of the battery in a second-life application. To perform the study, we present eight different scenarios for the second-life application. For each case, the energy, the efficiency, and the lifetime of the battery are calculated. Additionally, and based on the global warming potential, the environmental impact of the electric vehicle and its battery on a second-life application is determined for each scenario. Finally, an environmentally focused discussion on battery electrodes and research trends is presented. Results and discussion For the selected scenarios, the second life of the battery varies from 8 to 20 years depending on the application and the requirements. It has been observed that the batteries connected to the electricity grid for energy arbitrage storage have the highest impact per provided kilowatt hour. On the contrary, the environmental benefit comes from applications working with renewable energy sources and presenting a longer lifetime. We pointed out that a correlation between cycling conditions and degradation mechanisms of the electrode materials is compulsory for proper use of the electric vehicle battery in a second-life application. Conclusions To limit the environmental impact, batteries should be associated with renewable energy sources in stationary applications. However, it is more profitable to re-use Li-ion batteries than to use new lead-acid batteries. Although many batteries applied for electric vehicles use graphite-based anodes, the latter may not be the most suitable for the second-life application. A better understanding of Li-ion battery degradation during the second-life application is required for the different existing chemistries.
doi_str_mv 10.1007/s11367-015-0918-3
format article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_csuc_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_csuc_recercat_oai_recercat_cat_2072_302964</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1859499120</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c596t-948bb21acaa4d82b44761a56f8ec6aea53a95b65930483395183db99cf0bcf4f3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkc2KFTEQhYMoeB19AHcBN27ayX8n7mRwdGDAhboO1enqMZfuzjXJHfHtTdOCgyC4CCFV3zlU5RDykrM3nLH-snAuTd8xrjvmuO3kI3Lghquu10w8JgfmVCtK5Z6SZ6UcGROcOX0gx88Y0jrSOU5I00RxxlBzDPQev8UwIx2gVswRy1uacYYa00oHrD8QV7rA1oK50BHvMox7F5odrvcxp3XBtcJM43KCUJ-TJ1Nj8cXv-4J8vX7_5epjd_vpw83Vu9suaGdq1wYdBsEhAKjRikGp3nDQZrIYDCBoCU4PRjvJlJXSaW7lODgXJjaESU3ygvDdN5Rz8BkD5gDVJ4h_HtsRrBdeMuGMaprXu-aU0_czluqXWALOM6yYzsVza9uXWWHtf6DaKee4YA199Rd6TOe8tuU3SskGmf7BvDmVknHypxwXyD89Z34L1-_h-hau38L1smnErimNXe8wP3D-p-gXLJmnZw</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1854391267</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact</title><source>Springer Nature</source><creator>Casals, Lluc Canals ; García, Beatriz Amante ; Aguesse, Frédéric ; Iturrondobeitia, Amaia</creator><creatorcontrib>Casals, Lluc Canals ; García, Beatriz Amante ; Aguesse, Frédéric ; Iturrondobeitia, Amaia</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose Nowadays, the electric vehicle is one of the most promising alternatives for sustainable transportation. However, the battery, which is one of the most important components, is the main contributor to environmental impact and faces recycling issues. In order to reduce the carbon footprint and to minimize the overall recycling processes, this paper introduces the concept of re-use of electric vehicle batteries, analyzing some possible second-life applications. Methods First, the boundaries of the life cycle assessment of an electric vehicle are defined, considering the use of the battery in a second-life application. To perform the study, we present eight different scenarios for the second-life application. For each case, the energy, the efficiency, and the lifetime of the battery are calculated. Additionally, and based on the global warming potential, the environmental impact of the electric vehicle and its battery on a second-life application is determined for each scenario. Finally, an environmentally focused discussion on battery electrodes and research trends is presented. Results and discussion For the selected scenarios, the second life of the battery varies from 8 to 20 years depending on the application and the requirements. It has been observed that the batteries connected to the electricity grid for energy arbitrage storage have the highest impact per provided kilowatt hour. On the contrary, the environmental benefit comes from applications working with renewable energy sources and presenting a longer lifetime. We pointed out that a correlation between cycling conditions and degradation mechanisms of the electrode materials is compulsory for proper use of the electric vehicle battery in a second-life application. Conclusions To limit the environmental impact, batteries should be associated with renewable energy sources in stationary applications. However, it is more profitable to re-use Li-ion batteries than to use new lead-acid batteries. Although many batteries applied for electric vehicles use graphite-based anodes, the latter may not be the most suitable for the second-life application. A better understanding of Li-ion battery degradation during the second-life application is required for the different existing chemistries.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0948-3349</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7502</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11367-015-0918-3</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles ; Bateries ; Bateries d'ió liti ; Batteries ; Carbon footprint ; Climate change ; Degradation ; Degradation mechanisms ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Electric batteries ; Electric vehicle ; Electric vehicles ; Electrodes ; Energies ; Enginyeria mecànica ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental cost ; Environmental Economics ; Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology ; Environmental impact ; Global warming ; Li-ion battery ; Life cycle analysis ; Lithium batteries ; Lithium ion batteries ; Motors ; Motors elèctrics ; Product life cycle ; Rechargeable batteries ; Recycling ; Renewable energy sources ; Second life ; Sustainable transportation ; Tecnologia energètica ; Vehicles elèctrics ; Àrees temàtiques de la UPC</subject><ispartof>The international journal of life cycle assessment, 2017-01, Vol.22 (1), p.82-93</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015</rights><rights>The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment is a copyright of Springer, 2017.</rights><rights>info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess &lt;a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/"&gt;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/&lt;/a&gt;</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c596t-948bb21acaa4d82b44761a56f8ec6aea53a95b65930483395183db99cf0bcf4f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c596t-948bb21acaa4d82b44761a56f8ec6aea53a95b65930483395183db99cf0bcf4f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Casals, Lluc Canals</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>García, Beatriz Amante</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aguesse, Frédéric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iturrondobeitia, Amaia</creatorcontrib><title>Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact</title><title>The international journal of life cycle assessment</title><addtitle>Int J Life Cycle Assess</addtitle><description>Purpose Nowadays, the electric vehicle is one of the most promising alternatives for sustainable transportation. However, the battery, which is one of the most important components, is the main contributor to environmental impact and faces recycling issues. In order to reduce the carbon footprint and to minimize the overall recycling processes, this paper introduces the concept of re-use of electric vehicle batteries, analyzing some possible second-life applications. Methods First, the boundaries of the life cycle assessment of an electric vehicle are defined, considering the use of the battery in a second-life application. To perform the study, we present eight different scenarios for the second-life application. For each case, the energy, the efficiency, and the lifetime of the battery are calculated. Additionally, and based on the global warming potential, the environmental impact of the electric vehicle and its battery on a second-life application is determined for each scenario. Finally, an environmentally focused discussion on battery electrodes and research trends is presented. Results and discussion For the selected scenarios, the second life of the battery varies from 8 to 20 years depending on the application and the requirements. It has been observed that the batteries connected to the electricity grid for energy arbitrage storage have the highest impact per provided kilowatt hour. On the contrary, the environmental benefit comes from applications working with renewable energy sources and presenting a longer lifetime. We pointed out that a correlation between cycling conditions and degradation mechanisms of the electrode materials is compulsory for proper use of the electric vehicle battery in a second-life application. Conclusions To limit the environmental impact, batteries should be associated with renewable energy sources in stationary applications. However, it is more profitable to re-use Li-ion batteries than to use new lead-acid batteries. Although many batteries applied for electric vehicles use graphite-based anodes, the latter may not be the most suitable for the second-life application. A better understanding of Li-ion battery degradation during the second-life application is required for the different existing chemistries.</description><subject>Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles</subject><subject>Bateries</subject><subject>Bateries d'ió liti</subject><subject>Batteries</subject><subject>Carbon footprint</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Degradation</subject><subject>Degradation mechanisms</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Electric batteries</subject><subject>Electric vehicle</subject><subject>Electric vehicles</subject><subject>Electrodes</subject><subject>Energies</subject><subject>Enginyeria mecànica</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental cost</subject><subject>Environmental Economics</subject><subject>Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Global warming</subject><subject>Li-ion battery</subject><subject>Life cycle analysis</subject><subject>Lithium batteries</subject><subject>Lithium ion batteries</subject><subject>Motors</subject><subject>Motors elèctrics</subject><subject>Product life cycle</subject><subject>Rechargeable batteries</subject><subject>Recycling</subject><subject>Renewable energy sources</subject><subject>Second life</subject><subject>Sustainable transportation</subject><subject>Tecnologia energètica</subject><subject>Vehicles elèctrics</subject><subject>Àrees temàtiques de la UPC</subject><issn>0948-3349</issn><issn>1614-7502</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkc2KFTEQhYMoeB19AHcBN27ayX8n7mRwdGDAhboO1enqMZfuzjXJHfHtTdOCgyC4CCFV3zlU5RDykrM3nLH-snAuTd8xrjvmuO3kI3Lghquu10w8JgfmVCtK5Z6SZ6UcGROcOX0gx88Y0jrSOU5I00RxxlBzDPQev8UwIx2gVswRy1uacYYa00oHrD8QV7rA1oK50BHvMox7F5odrvcxp3XBtcJM43KCUJ-TJ1Nj8cXv-4J8vX7_5epjd_vpw83Vu9suaGdq1wYdBsEhAKjRikGp3nDQZrIYDCBoCU4PRjvJlJXSaW7lODgXJjaESU3ygvDdN5Rz8BkD5gDVJ4h_HtsRrBdeMuGMaprXu-aU0_czluqXWALOM6yYzsVza9uXWWHtf6DaKee4YA199Rd6TOe8tuU3SskGmf7BvDmVknHypxwXyD89Z34L1-_h-hau38L1smnErimNXe8wP3D-p-gXLJmnZw</recordid><startdate>20170101</startdate><enddate>20170101</enddate><creator>Casals, Lluc Canals</creator><creator>García, Beatriz Amante</creator><creator>Aguesse, Frédéric</creator><creator>Iturrondobeitia, Amaia</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>XX2</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20170101</creationdate><title>Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact</title><author>Casals, Lluc Canals ; García, Beatriz Amante ; Aguesse, Frédéric ; Iturrondobeitia, Amaia</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c596t-948bb21acaa4d82b44761a56f8ec6aea53a95b65930483395183db99cf0bcf4f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles</topic><topic>Bateries</topic><topic>Bateries d'ió liti</topic><topic>Batteries</topic><topic>Carbon footprint</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Degradation</topic><topic>Degradation mechanisms</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Electric batteries</topic><topic>Electric vehicle</topic><topic>Electric vehicles</topic><topic>Electrodes</topic><topic>Energies</topic><topic>Enginyeria mecànica</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Chemistry</topic><topic>Environmental cost</topic><topic>Environmental Economics</topic><topic>Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>Global warming</topic><topic>Li-ion battery</topic><topic>Life cycle analysis</topic><topic>Lithium batteries</topic><topic>Lithium ion batteries</topic><topic>Motors</topic><topic>Motors elèctrics</topic><topic>Product life cycle</topic><topic>Rechargeable batteries</topic><topic>Recycling</topic><topic>Renewable energy sources</topic><topic>Second life</topic><topic>Sustainable transportation</topic><topic>Tecnologia energètica</topic><topic>Vehicles elèctrics</topic><topic>Àrees temàtiques de la UPC</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Casals, Lluc Canals</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>García, Beatriz Amante</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aguesse, Frédéric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iturrondobeitia, Amaia</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Mechanical &amp; Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science &amp; Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Agricultural &amp; Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology &amp; Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Engineering collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Recercat</collection><jtitle>The international journal of life cycle assessment</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Casals, Lluc Canals</au><au>García, Beatriz Amante</au><au>Aguesse, Frédéric</au><au>Iturrondobeitia, Amaia</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact</atitle><jtitle>The international journal of life cycle assessment</jtitle><stitle>Int J Life Cycle Assess</stitle><date>2017-01-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>82</spage><epage>93</epage><pages>82-93</pages><issn>0948-3349</issn><eissn>1614-7502</eissn><abstract>Purpose Nowadays, the electric vehicle is one of the most promising alternatives for sustainable transportation. However, the battery, which is one of the most important components, is the main contributor to environmental impact and faces recycling issues. In order to reduce the carbon footprint and to minimize the overall recycling processes, this paper introduces the concept of re-use of electric vehicle batteries, analyzing some possible second-life applications. Methods First, the boundaries of the life cycle assessment of an electric vehicle are defined, considering the use of the battery in a second-life application. To perform the study, we present eight different scenarios for the second-life application. For each case, the energy, the efficiency, and the lifetime of the battery are calculated. Additionally, and based on the global warming potential, the environmental impact of the electric vehicle and its battery on a second-life application is determined for each scenario. Finally, an environmentally focused discussion on battery electrodes and research trends is presented. Results and discussion For the selected scenarios, the second life of the battery varies from 8 to 20 years depending on the application and the requirements. It has been observed that the batteries connected to the electricity grid for energy arbitrage storage have the highest impact per provided kilowatt hour. On the contrary, the environmental benefit comes from applications working with renewable energy sources and presenting a longer lifetime. We pointed out that a correlation between cycling conditions and degradation mechanisms of the electrode materials is compulsory for proper use of the electric vehicle battery in a second-life application. Conclusions To limit the environmental impact, batteries should be associated with renewable energy sources in stationary applications. However, it is more profitable to re-use Li-ion batteries than to use new lead-acid batteries. Although many batteries applied for electric vehicles use graphite-based anodes, the latter may not be the most suitable for the second-life application. A better understanding of Li-ion battery degradation during the second-life application is required for the different existing chemistries.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s11367-015-0918-3</doi><tpages>12</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0948-3349
ispartof The international journal of life cycle assessment, 2017-01, Vol.22 (1), p.82-93
issn 0948-3349
1614-7502
language eng
recordid cdi_csuc_recercat_oai_recercat_cat_2072_302964
source Springer Nature
subjects Assessing and Managing Life Cycles of Electric Vehicles
Bateries
Bateries d'ió liti
Batteries
Carbon footprint
Climate change
Degradation
Degradation mechanisms
Earth and Environmental Science
Electric batteries
Electric vehicle
Electric vehicles
Electrodes
Energies
Enginyeria mecànica
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental cost
Environmental Economics
Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology
Environmental impact
Global warming
Li-ion battery
Life cycle analysis
Lithium batteries
Lithium ion batteries
Motors
Motors elèctrics
Product life cycle
Rechargeable batteries
Recycling
Renewable energy sources
Second life
Sustainable transportation
Tecnologia energètica
Vehicles elèctrics
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC
title Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact
url http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-24T00%3A18%3A24IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_csuc_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Second%20life%20of%20electric%20vehicle%20batteries:%20relation%20between%20materials%20degradation%20and%20environmental%20impact&rft.jtitle=The%20international%20journal%20of%20life%20cycle%20assessment&rft.au=Casals,%20Lluc%20Canals&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=82&rft.epage=93&rft.pages=82-93&rft.issn=0948-3349&rft.eissn=1614-7502&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s11367-015-0918-3&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_csuc_%3E1859499120%3C/proquest_csuc_%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c596t-948bb21acaa4d82b44761a56f8ec6aea53a95b65930483395183db99cf0bcf4f3%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1854391267&rft_id=info:pmid/&rfr_iscdi=true