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Measuring Marine Biotoxins in a Hypersaline Coastal Lagoon
Marine biotoxins have posed a persistent problem along various coasts for many years. Coastal lagoons are ecosystems prone to phytoplankton blooms when altered by eutrophication. The Mar Menor is the largest hypersaline coastal lagoon in Europe. Sixteen marine toxins, including lipophilic toxins, ye...
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Published in: | Toxins 2023-08, Vol.15 (9), p.526 |
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description | Marine biotoxins have posed a persistent problem along various coasts for many years. Coastal lagoons are ecosystems prone to phytoplankton blooms when altered by eutrophication. The Mar Menor is the largest hypersaline coastal lagoon in Europe. Sixteen marine toxins, including lipophilic toxins, yessotoxins, and domoic acid (DA), in seawater samples from the Mar Menor coastal lagoon were measured in one year. Only DA was detected in the range of 44.9–173.8 ng L−1. Environmental stressors and mechanisms controlling the presence of DA in the lagoon are discussed. As an enrichment and clean-up method, we employed solid phase extraction to filter and acidify 75 mL of the sample, followed by pre-concentration through a C18 SPE cartridge. The analytes were recovered in aqueous solutions and directly injected into the liquid chromatography system (LC-MS), which was equipped with a C18 column. The system operated in gradient mode, and we used tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) for analysis. The absence of matrix effects was checked and the limits of detection for most toxins were low, ranging from 0.05 to 91.2 ng L−1, depending on the compound. To validate the measurements, we performed recovery studies, falling in the range of 74–122%, with an intraday precision below 14.9% RSD. |
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Coastal lagoons are ecosystems prone to phytoplankton blooms when altered by eutrophication. The Mar Menor is the largest hypersaline coastal lagoon in Europe. Sixteen marine toxins, including lipophilic toxins, yessotoxins, and domoic acid (DA), in seawater samples from the Mar Menor coastal lagoon were measured in one year. Only DA was detected in the range of 44.9–173.8 ng L−1. Environmental stressors and mechanisms controlling the presence of DA in the lagoon are discussed. As an enrichment and clean-up method, we employed solid phase extraction to filter and acidify 75 mL of the sample, followed by pre-concentration through a C18 SPE cartridge. The analytes were recovered in aqueous solutions and directly injected into the liquid chromatography system (LC-MS), which was equipped with a C18 column. The system operated in gradient mode, and we used tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) for analysis. The absence of matrix effects was checked and the limits of detection for most toxins were low, ranging from 0.05 to 91.2 ng L−1, depending on the compound. To validate the measurements, we performed recovery studies, falling in the range of 74–122%, with an intraday precision below 14.9% RSD.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6651</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6651</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090526</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37755952</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Acidification ; Analysis ; Analytical chemistry ; Aquaculture ; Aqueous solutions ; Chemical analysis ; coastal lagoons ; Contamination ; Domoic acid ; Environmental stress ; Eutrophication ; Fisheries ; Food chains ; Food safety ; Identification and classification ; Ions ; Lagoons ; Lipophilic ; Liquid chromatography ; Mar Menor ; Marine toxins ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; Phytoplankton ; Quadrupoles ; Seafood ; Seawater ; Shellfish ; solid phase extraction ; Solid phases ; Toxins ; triple quadrupole mass spectrometry ; Water analysis ; Water quality</subject><ispartof>Toxins, 2023-08, Vol.15 (9), p.526</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. 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Coastal lagoons are ecosystems prone to phytoplankton blooms when altered by eutrophication. The Mar Menor is the largest hypersaline coastal lagoon in Europe. Sixteen marine toxins, including lipophilic toxins, yessotoxins, and domoic acid (DA), in seawater samples from the Mar Menor coastal lagoon were measured in one year. Only DA was detected in the range of 44.9–173.8 ng L−1. Environmental stressors and mechanisms controlling the presence of DA in the lagoon are discussed. As an enrichment and clean-up method, we employed solid phase extraction to filter and acidify 75 mL of the sample, followed by pre-concentration through a C18 SPE cartridge. The analytes were recovered in aqueous solutions and directly injected into the liquid chromatography system (LC-MS), which was equipped with a C18 column. The system operated in gradient mode, and we used tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) for analysis. 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Coastal lagoons are ecosystems prone to phytoplankton blooms when altered by eutrophication. The Mar Menor is the largest hypersaline coastal lagoon in Europe. Sixteen marine toxins, including lipophilic toxins, yessotoxins, and domoic acid (DA), in seawater samples from the Mar Menor coastal lagoon were measured in one year. Only DA was detected in the range of 44.9–173.8 ng L−1. Environmental stressors and mechanisms controlling the presence of DA in the lagoon are discussed. As an enrichment and clean-up method, we employed solid phase extraction to filter and acidify 75 mL of the sample, followed by pre-concentration through a C18 SPE cartridge. The analytes were recovered in aqueous solutions and directly injected into the liquid chromatography system (LC-MS), which was equipped with a C18 column. The system operated in gradient mode, and we used tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) for analysis. The absence of matrix effects was checked and the limits of detection for most toxins were low, ranging from 0.05 to 91.2 ng L−1, depending on the compound. To validate the measurements, we performed recovery studies, falling in the range of 74–122%, with an intraday precision below 14.9% RSD.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>37755952</pmid><doi>10.3390/toxins15090526</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0988-5445</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2914-9266</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Acidification Analysis Analytical chemistry Aquaculture Aqueous solutions Chemical analysis coastal lagoons Contamination Domoic acid Environmental stress Eutrophication Fisheries Food chains Food safety Identification and classification Ions Lagoons Lipophilic Liquid chromatography Mar Menor Marine toxins Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Phytoplankton Quadrupoles Seafood Seawater Shellfish solid phase extraction Solid phases Toxins triple quadrupole mass spectrometry Water analysis Water quality |
title | Measuring Marine Biotoxins in a Hypersaline Coastal Lagoon |
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