Dietary Betaine Interacts with Very Long Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to Influence Fat Metabolism and Circulating Single Carbon Status in the Cat

Six foods were used to evaluate the interaction of dietary betaine and n-3 PUFA in the cat. There was no ingredient added to the control food to specifically increase betaine or n-3 fatty acids. The experimental design was a 3 × 2 factorial (fatty acids were varied from the control food which had no...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Animals (Basel) 2022-10, Vol.12 (20), p.2837
Main Authors: Jewell, Dennis E., Jackson, Matthew I.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Arachidonic acid
Betaine
Body weight
Carbon
cats
Chromatography
Design of experiments
DHA
Dietary intake
Docosahexaenoic acid
Domestic animals
EPA
Experimental design
Fat metabolism
Fatty acids
Fish oils
Flax
Food
Glycine
Homocysteine
Hypotheses
Intestinal microflora
Kidney diseases
Laboratory animals
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Metabolism
Metabolites
Metabolomics
Methionine
Sarcosine
Sulfates
Toxins
α-linolenic acid
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Summary:Six foods were used to evaluate the interaction of dietary betaine and n-3 PUFA in the cat. There was no ingredient added to the control food to specifically increase betaine or n-3 fatty acids. The experimental design was a 3 × 2 factorial (fatty acids were varied from the control food which had no added source of n-3 fatty acids, flax was included as a source of 18 carbon n-3, or menhaden fish oil as a source of EPA and DHA). Foods were then formulated using these three foods as a base with added betaine or without added betaine. Forty eight cats were used in this study. Equal numbers of cats were allotted by age and gender to each of the six dietary treatments. The cats were offered food amounts to maintain weight and consumed the food to which they were assigned for the length of the study (60 days). Metabolomics, selected circulating analytes and fatty acids were analyzed at the beginning and end of the feeding period. There was an increase in single carbon metabolites (betaine, dimethyl glycine, and methionine) with the consumption of dietary betaine. Betaine also increased the concentration of specific PUFA (ARA, αLA, DHA, and the sum of all circulating PUFA). The combination of dietary betaine and fish oil resulted in a reduction of circulating 3-indoxyl sulfate which suggests a renal benefit from their combined dietary presence.
ISSN:2076-2615
2076-2615
DOI:10.3390/ani12202837