Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Commercially Available Essential Oils Combinations with Conventional Antibiotics against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

• Published in: Antibiotics (Basel) 2024-05, Vol.13 (6), p.478
• Main Authors: Neagu, Răzvan, Popovici, Violeta, Ionescu, Lucia-Elena, Ordeanu, Viorel, Biță, Andrei, Popescu, Diana Mihaela, Ozon, Emma Adriana, Gîrd, Cerasela Elena
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Analysis; Antagonism; Antibacterial activity; antibacterial drugs; Antibiotics; Antiinfectives and antibacterials; Bacitracin; Bacteria; Bacterial infections; Borosilicate glass; Cellulose; Coliforms; diffusimetric antibiogram; Drug resistance in microorganisms; Drugs; E coli; Essential oils; Eucalyptus; Gas chromatography; GC-MS; Gram-negative bacteria; Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; Gram-positive bacteria; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Metabolism; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Neomycin; Oils & fats; Oregano; Peppermint; Phytochemicals; Polypeptides; Protein synthesis; Proteins; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Statistical analysis; Streptococcus infections; Synergism; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines
• ISSN: 2079-6382; 2079-6382
• DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060478

The present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of five commercially available essential oils (EOs), Lavender (LEO), Clove (CEO), Oregano (OEO), Eucalyptus (EEO), and Peppermint (PEO), against the most-known MDR Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria- (ATCC 25923), (ATCC 25922), and (ATCC 27853)-alone and in various combinations. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis established their complex compositions. Then, their antibacterial activity-expressed as the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) value (mm)-was investigated in vitro by the diffusimetric antibiogram method, using sterile cellulose discs with Ø 6 mm impregnated with 10 µL of sample and sterile borosilicate glass cylinders loaded with 100 µL; the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (µg/mL) for each EO was calculated from the IZD values (mm) measured after 24 h. The following EO combinations were evaluated: OEO+CEO, CEO+EEO, CEO+PEO, LEO+EEO, and EEO+PEO. Then, the influence of each dual combination on the activity of three conventional antibacterial drugs-Neomycin (NEO), Tetracycline (TET), and Bacitracin (BAC)-was investigated. The most active EOs against and were LEO and OEO (IZD = 40 mm). They were followed by CEO and EEO (IZD = 20-27 mm); PEO exhibited the lowest antibacterial activity (IZD = 15-20 mm). EEO alone showed the highest inhibitory activity on (IZD = 25-35 mm). It was followed by CEO, LEO, and EEO (IZD = 7-11 mm), while PEO proved no antibacterial action against it (IZD = 0 mm). Only one synergic action was recorded (OEO+CEO against ); EEO+PEO revealed partial synergism against and CEO+PEO showed additive behavior against . Two triple associations with TET showed partial synergism against , and the other two (with NEO and TET) evidenced the same behavior against ; all contained EEO+PEO or CEO+PEO. Most combinations reported indifference. However, numerous cases involved antagonism between the constituents included in the double and triple combinations, and the EOs with the strongest antibacterial activities belonged to the highest antagonistic combinations. A consistent statistical analysis supported our results, showing that the EOs with moderate antibacterial activities could generate combinations with higher inhibitory effects based on synergistic or additive interactions.