Rates and Correlates of HIV Incidence in Namibia's Zambezi Region From 2014 to 2016: Sentinel, Community-Based Cohort Study

• Published in: JMIR public health and surveillance 2020-06, Vol.6 (2), p.e17107-e17107
• Main Authors: Maher, Andrew D, Nakanyala, Tuli, Mutenda, Nicholus, Banda, Karen M, Prybylski, Dimitri, Wolkon, Adam, Jonas, Anna, Sawadogo, Souleymane, Ntema, Charity, Chipadze, Melody Regina, Sinvula, Grace, Tizora, Annastasia, Mwandemele, Asen, Chaturvedi, Shaan, Agovi, Afiba Manza-A, Agolory, Simon, Hamunime, Ndapewa, Lowrance, David W, Mcfarland, Willi, Patel, Sadhna V
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections - diagnosis; HIV Infections - epidemiology; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Namibia - epidemiology; Original Paper; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sentinel Surveillance
• ISSN: 2369-2960; 2369-2960
• DOI: 10.2196/17107

Direct measures of HIV incidence are needed to assess the population-level impact of prevention programs but are scarcely available in the subnational epidemic hotspots of sub-Saharan Africa. We created a sentinel HIV incidence cohort within a community-based program that provided home-based HIV testing to all residents of Namibia's Zambezi region, where approximately 24% of the adult population was estimated to be living with HIV. The aim of this study was to estimate HIV incidence, detect correlates of HIV acquisition, and assess the feasibility of the sentinel, community-based approach to HIV incidence surveillance in a subnational epidemic hotspot. Following the program's initial home-based testing (December 2014-July 2015), we purposefully selected 10 clusters of 60 to 70 households each and invited residents who were HIV negative and aged ≥15 years to participate in the cohort. Consenting participants completed behavioral interviews and a second HIV test approximately 1 year later (March-September 2016). We used Poisson models to calculate HIV incidence rates between baseline and follow-up and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models to assess the correlates of seroconversion. Among 1742 HIV-negative participants, 1624 (93.23%) completed follow-up. We observed 26 seroconversions in 1954 person-years (PY) of follow-up, equating to an overall incidence rate of 1.33 per 100 PY (95% CI 0.91-1.95). Among women, the incidence was 1.55 per 100 PY (95% CI 1.12-2.17) and significantly higher among those aged 15 to 24 years and residing in rural areas (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 4.26, 95% CI 1.39-13.13; P=.01), residing in the Ngweze suburb of Katima Mulilo city (aHR 2.34, 95% CI 1.25-4.40; P=.01), who had no prior HIV testing in the year before cohort enrollment (aHR 3.38, 95% CI 1.04-10.95; P=.05), and who had engaged in transactional sex (aHR 17.64, 95% CI 2.88-108.14; P=.02). Among men, HIV incidence was 1.05 per 100 PY (95% CI 0.54-2.31) and significantly higher among those aged 40 to 44 years (aHR 13.04, 95% CI 5.98-28.41; P