A Hybrid NF-FO-RO Process for the Supply of Irrigation Water from Treated Wastewater: Simulation Study

Municipal treated wastewater could be considered as a water source for food crop irrigation purposes. Enhancing the quality of treated wastewater to meet irrigation standards has become a necessary practice. Nanofiltration (NF) was used in the first stage to produce permeate at relatively low energy...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Membranes (Basel) 2021-03, Vol.11 (3), p.191
Main Authors: Hafiz, MhdAmmar, Alfahel, Radwan, Hawari, Alaa H, Hassan, Mohammad K, Altaee, Ali
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Brines
Desalination
Drinking water
Energy consumption
Food
Food sources
forward osmosis
Hybrid systems
Irrigation
Irrigation water
Municipal wastewater
Nanofiltration
Nanotechnology
Osmosis
Reverse osmosis
Salinity
Software
Wastewater
Wastewater treatment
Water quality
Water quality standards
Water treatment
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Summary:Municipal treated wastewater could be considered as a water source for food crop irrigation purposes. Enhancing the quality of treated wastewater to meet irrigation standards has become a necessary practice. Nanofiltration (NF) was used in the first stage to produce permeate at relatively low energy consumption. In the second stage, two membrane combinations were tested for additional water extraction from the brine generated by the NF process. The simulation results showed that using a hybrid forward osmosis (FO)-reverse osmosis (RO) system is more efficient than using the RO process alone for the further extraction of water from the brine generated by the NF process. The total specific energy consumption can be reduced by 27% after using FO as an intermediate process between NF and RO. In addition, the final permeate water quality produced using the hybrid FO-RO system was within the allowable standards for food crops irrigation.
ISSN:2077-0375
2077-0375
DOI:10.3390/membranes11030191