Palm Kernel Cake Extracts Obtained from the Combination of Bacterial Fermentation and Enzymic Hydrolysis Promote Swine Small Intestine IPEC-J2 Cell Proliferation and Alleviate LPS-Induced Inflammation In Vitro

• Published in: Antioxidants 2024-05, Vol.13 (6), p.682
• Main Authors: Zeng, Hui, Miao, Jingna, Liao, Jinghong, Sui, Zhiyuan, Hou, Meixin, Hang, Suqin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; anti-inflammatory; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; CASP3; Cell culture; Cell growth; Cell proliferation; Cell survival; Cell viability; Cellulose; Enzymes; Fermentation; Free radicals; Glycolysis; Hogs; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Mannose; MAP kinase; Microorganisms; Oligosaccharides; PI3K/MAPK pathway; Polyphenols; proliferation; Protein kinase C; Signal transduction; SLC5A1; Small intestine; Superoxide dismutase; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; Tumor necrosis factor-α; VOCs; Volatile organic compounds
• ISSN: 2076-3921; 2076-3921
• DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060682

Co-fermentation with bacteria and enzymes can reduce sugar content in palm kernel cake (PKC); however, the chemical changes and their effects on cell functionality are unclear. This study investigated the active components in pre-treated PKC extracts and their effects on pig small intestine IPEC-J2 cell proliferation and LPS-induced inflammation. The extracts contained 60.75% sugar, 36.80% mannose, 1.75% polyphenols and 0.59% flavone, as determined by chemical analyses, suggesting that the extracts were palm kernel cake oligosaccharides (PKCOS). Then, we found that 1000 µg/mL PKCOS counteracted the decrease in cell viability (CCK8 kit) caused by LPS induction by 5 µg/mL LPS ( < 0.05). Mechanistic studies conducted by RNA-seq and qPCR analyses suggested PKCOS promoted cell proliferation through the upregulation of , , and in the PI3K/MAPK signalling pathway; alleviated inflammation caused by LPS via the downregulation of the target genes and in association with apoptosis; and regulated the expression of the antioxidant genes , and to exert positive antioxidant effects ( < 0.05). Furthermore, PKCOS upregulated (encoding SLGT1), and in the glycolytic pathway ( < 0.05), suggesting cell survival. In summary, PKCOS has positive effects on promoting swine intestine cell proliferation against inflammation.