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T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells in autoimmune diseases

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are heterogeneous and mainly characterized by expressing surface markers CXCR5, ICOS, and PD-1; cytokine IL-21; and transcription factor Bcl6. They are crucial for B-cell differentiation into long-lived plasma cells and high-affinity antibody production. T follicular...

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Published in:	Frontiers in immunology 2023-04, Vol.14, p.1178792-1178792
Main Authors:	Qi, Jingjing, Liu, Chang, Bai, Ziran, Li, Xia, Yao, Genhong
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Subjects:	Autoimmune Diseases Cytokines Humans Immunology rheumatoid arthritis Sjögren’s syndrome systemic lupus erythematosus T Follicular Helper Cells T follicular helper cells (TFH cells) T follicular regulatory cells (TFR) T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
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description	T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are heterogeneous and mainly characterized by expressing surface markers CXCR5, ICOS, and PD-1; cytokine IL-21; and transcription factor Bcl6. They are crucial for B-cell differentiation into long-lived plasma cells and high-affinity antibody production. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells were described to express markers of conventional T regulatory (Treg) cells and Tfh cells and were able to suppress Tfh-cell and B-cell responses. Evidence has revealed that the dysregulation of Tfh and Tfr cells is positively associated with the pathogenic processes of autoimmune diseases. Herein, we briefly introduce the phenotype, differentiation, and function of Tfh and Tfr cells, and review their potential roles in autoimmune diseases. In addition, we discuss perspectives to develop novel therapies targeting Tfh/Tfr balance.
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In addition, we discuss perspectives to develop novel therapies targeting Tfh/Tfr balance.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1664-3224</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1664-3224</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178792</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37187757</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: Frontiers Media S.A</publisher><subject>Autoimmune Diseases ; Cytokines ; Humans ; Immunology ; rheumatoid arthritis ; Sjögren’s syndrome ; systemic lupus erythematosus ; T Follicular Helper Cells ; T follicular helper cells (TFH cells) ; T follicular regulatory cells (TFR) ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory</subject><ispartof>Frontiers in immunology, 2023-04, Vol.14, p.1178792-1178792</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2023 Qi, Liu, Bai, Li and Yao.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2023 Qi, Liu, Bai, Li and Yao 2023 Qi, Liu, Bai, Li and Yao</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c469t-3a57b41b593ebc2f89c9b1db8d10cf78a30f44bad34b835fcea2967bd8fb05523</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c469t-3a57b41b593ebc2f89c9b1db8d10cf78a30f44bad34b835fcea2967bd8fb05523</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10175690/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10175690/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37187757$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Qi, Jingjing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Chang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bai, Ziran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Xia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yao, Genhong</creatorcontrib><title>T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells in autoimmune diseases</title><title>Frontiers in immunology</title><addtitle>Front Immunol</addtitle><description>T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are heterogeneous and mainly characterized by expressing surface markers CXCR5, ICOS, and PD-1; cytokine IL-21; and transcription factor Bcl6. 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subjects	Autoimmune Diseases Cytokines Humans Immunology rheumatoid arthritis Sjögren’s syndrome systemic lupus erythematosus T Follicular Helper Cells T follicular helper cells (TFH cells) T follicular regulatory cells (TFR) T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
title	T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells in autoimmune diseases
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