Visual Performance and Perceptual–Motor Skills of Late Preterm Children and Healthy Controls Using the TVPS-3rd and VMI-6th Editions

Background: The visual system is key to the learning process, preterm births are commonly followed by visual dysfunctions and other neurological conditions. Objective: to measure, analyze and compare the visual efficacy, visual–perceptual, and visual–motor skills of 20 late preterm children (34–36 w...

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Published in:Technologies (Basel) 2023-04, Vol.11 (2), p.53
Main Authors: Ibrahimi, Danjela, Mendiola Santibañez, Jorge D, Rodríguez-Reséndiz, Juvenal
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Academic achievement
Brain research
Cesarean section
Child development
Children & youth
Comparative analysis
full term birth
Function tests (Medicine)
Gestational age
Health care
Infants (Premature)
late preterm birth
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Motor ability
Phoria
Physiological aspects
Premature birth
Public health
Strabismus
Testing
Visual acuity
visual efficacy
Visual perception
visual–motor abilities
visual–perceptual skills
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Mendiola Santibañez, Jorge D
Rodríguez-Reséndiz, Juvenal
description Background: The visual system is key to the learning process, preterm births are commonly followed by visual dysfunctions and other neurological conditions. Objective: to measure, analyze and compare the visual efficacy, visual–perceptual, and visual–motor skills of 20 late preterm children (34–36 weeks) born by caesarean section and appropriate weight for gestational age with 20 healthy controls born at full term by natural birth, age 5 to 12 years, from Querétaro, México. Methods: This was an observational, transverse, and prospective study. Parametric and non-parametric tests were performed using the SPSS 25.0. The visual acuity at distance and near, the phoria state, and the degree of stereopsis were analyzed. The Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills, Third Edition, was used to assess the overall performance, basic, sequencing, and complex processes. Fine motor skills were evaluated using the Visual–Motor Integration Test of Beery, Sixth Edition. Results: Visual acuity at distance and near (p
doi_str_mv 10.3390/technologies11020053
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Objective: to measure, analyze and compare the visual efficacy, visual–perceptual, and visual–motor skills of 20 late preterm children (34–36 weeks) born by caesarean section and appropriate weight for gestational age with 20 healthy controls born at full term by natural birth, age 5 to 12 years, from Querétaro, México. Methods: This was an observational, transverse, and prospective study. Parametric and non-parametric tests were performed using the SPSS 25.0. The visual acuity at distance and near, the phoria state, and the degree of stereopsis were analyzed. The Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills, Third Edition, was used to assess the overall performance, basic, sequencing, and complex processes. Fine motor skills were evaluated using the Visual–Motor Integration Test of Beery, Sixth Edition. Results: Visual acuity at distance and near (p&lt;0.001), stereopsis (p&lt;0.001), and the amount of exophoria at distance (p=0.01) showed statistically significant differences between the groups. The overall performance (p=0.006), basic processes (p=0.001), sequencing processes (p=0.02), and General and Motor VMI (p&lt;0.001 and 0.002, respectively) presented lower values in children born preterm. Conclusion: This research showed that even late preterm children present visual deficiencies and are at risk of delays on perceptual–motor skills. Early evaluation of their visual and motor abilities should be considered in order to help improve their cognitive functioning.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2227-7080</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2227-7080</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/technologies11020053</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Academic achievement ; Brain research ; Cesarean section ; Child development ; Children &amp; youth ; Comparative analysis ; full term birth ; Function tests (Medicine) ; Gestational age ; Health care ; Infants (Premature) ; late preterm birth ; Medical research ; Medicine, Experimental ; Motor ability ; Phoria ; Physiological aspects ; Premature birth ; Public health ; Strabismus ; Testing ; Visual acuity ; visual efficacy ; Visual perception ; visual–motor abilities ; visual–perceptual skills</subject><ispartof>Technologies (Basel), 2023-04, Vol.11 (2), p.53</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Objective: to measure, analyze and compare the visual efficacy, visual–perceptual, and visual–motor skills of 20 late preterm children (34–36 weeks) born by caesarean section and appropriate weight for gestational age with 20 healthy controls born at full term by natural birth, age 5 to 12 years, from Querétaro, México. Methods: This was an observational, transverse, and prospective study. Parametric and non-parametric tests were performed using the SPSS 25.0. The visual acuity at distance and near, the phoria state, and the degree of stereopsis were analyzed. The Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills, Third Edition, was used to assess the overall performance, basic, sequencing, and complex processes. Fine motor skills were evaluated using the Visual–Motor Integration Test of Beery, Sixth Edition. 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subjects Academic achievement
Brain research
Cesarean section
Child development
Children & youth
Comparative analysis
full term birth
Function tests (Medicine)
Gestational age
Health care
Infants (Premature)
late preterm birth
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Motor ability
Phoria
Physiological aspects
Premature birth
Public health
Strabismus
Testing
Visual acuity
visual efficacy
Visual perception
visual–motor abilities
visual–perceptual skills
title Visual Performance and Perceptual–Motor Skills of Late Preterm Children and Healthy Controls Using the TVPS-3rd and VMI-6th Editions
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