Migration in times of pandemic: SARS-CoV-2 infection among the Warao indigenous refugees in Belém, Pará, Amazonia, Brazil

• Published in: BMC public health 2021-09, Vol.21 (1), p.1-1659, Article 1659
• Main Authors: da Silva, Hilton Pereira, Abreu, Isabella Nogueira, Lima, Carlos Neandro Cordeiro, de Lima, Aline Cecy Rocha, do Nascimento Barbosa, Alexandre, de Oliveira, Lehi Rodrigues, Fujishima, Mayumi Aragão, Lima, Sandra Souza, de Lima, Vitor Nina, Castelo-Branco, Socorro, Vallinoto, Antonio Carlos Rosário
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antibodies; Brazil; Chronic illnesses; Control; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Diabetes; Disease prevention; Disease transmission; Education; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Epidemics; Epidemiology; Health aspects; Immigration; Immunoglobulin G; Indigenous; Indigenous peoples; Infections; Leukocytes; Medical research; Men; Migration; Native peoples; Pandemics; Population; Populations; Public health; Questionnaires; Refugees; Respiratory diseases; Risk factors; SARS-CoV-2; Serology; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Social aspects; Statistical analysis; Statistics; Tuberculosis; Viral diseases; Warao
• ISSN: 1471-2458; 1471-2458
• DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11696-7

Background The emergence of the new causative agent of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and its spread worldwide, led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic. The disease has caused high mortality among traditional populations and the most socially vulnerable groups such indigenous and refugees. The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the population of Venezuelan indigenous Warao refugees residing in private and public shelters in the city of Belem, capital of Para State, in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods One hundred one individuals of both sexes (43 men and 58 women) with ages varying from 18 to 77 years (average of 36 years) were investigated. Whole blood samples were collected and subsequently separated into plasma and leukocytes. Serological analysis was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ELISA (Anti-SARS-COV-2 S1 IgG, EUROIMMUN, USA). Results The results indicate a positive serum prevalence of 83.2% (84), of which 77.6% (45/58) were females and 90.7% (39/43) were males. An indeterminate profile was observed in 6.9% (7), where it was not possible to confirm the presence of antibodies, and 9.9% (10) individuals were negative for IgG antibodies. Conclusions The finding of the high seroprevalence of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies reveals a high exposure of the Warao population in Belem to infection with the new coronavirus. These results underscore the importance of maintaining epidemiological surveillance with testing in traditional populations due to the high possibility of spreading the virus, especially among the most socioeconomically vulnerable groups, which depend exclusively on the Unified Health System (SUS), such as refugees and indigenous people. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Indigenous, Warao, Brazil, Migration