Composite Score of Readiness (CSR) as a Data Reduction Technique for Monitoring the RTS Process in Footballers following ACL Reconstruction

• Published in: Symmetry (Basel) 2023-01, Vol.15 (2), p.298
• Main Authors: Oleksy, Łukasz, Mika, Anna, Kielnar, Renata, Szczudło, Miłosz, Racheniuk, Henryk, Adamska, Olga, Rzepko, Marian, Królikowska, Aleksandra, Reichert, Paweł, Prill, Robert, Stolarczyk, Artur
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL); Asymmetry; Athletes; composite score of readiness (CSR); Corporate social responsibility; Data reduction; football; Injuries; injury prevention; Joint and ligament injuries; Kinematics; Knee; Methods; Multiple regression models; Muscle strength; Orthopedic surgery; rehabilitation; Risk factors; soccer; Soccer players; Sports injuries; Symmetry; Trauma
• ISSN: 2073-8994; 2073-8994
• DOI: 10.3390/sym15020298

In recent years, many studies on the safe return to sport (RTS) have been published, but there are still no clear and validated guidelines. After ACL reconstruction between limbs, asymmetry of muscle strength affects knee mechanics during walking and running, and asymmetrical joint kinematics and kinetics are considered as a strong risk factor of musculoskeletal injury. Therefore, proper diagnosis of any motor deficits remaining after ACL reconstruction seems particularly important. The aim of this study was to analyze how many tests should be included in the RTS test battery and which of them are most indicative for functional deficits related to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Sixty-five male football players (age 18–25 years) were divided into three groups: ACL group—after ACL rupture and reconstruction, mild injury group—post mild lower limb injuries, and the control group—without injuries. They performed five tests: Functional Movement Screen, Tuck Jump Assessment, Y-balance Test, Hop Test for Distance, and Isokinetic Test. The Composite Score of Readiness (CSR) index was calculated and expressed as the sum of z-scores. The multiple regression model for all tests was calculated, and then redundant variables were excluded. We observed that all tests significantly influenced the final CSR index. The Y-balance Test, Tuck Jump Assessment, and Isokinetic Test for knee flexion influenced the final CSR index the most, which means that these tests are greatly indicative of functional deficits related to ACL reconstruction. The strength of the extensor (quadriceps) muscle and the quadriceps/hamstring ratio appeared to be non-sensitive for testing functional deficits related to ACL reconstruction. If the test battery includes 4–5 tests, it better differentiates the athletes following ACL reconstruction from those after mild injuries, even if they all were cleared to play.