Impact of Agriculture and Energy on CO2 Emissions in Zambia

• Published in: Energies (Basel) 2021-12, Vol.14 (24), p.8339
• Main Authors: Phiri, Joseph, Malec, Karel, Kapuka, Alpo, Maitah, Mansoor, Appiah-Kubi, Seth Nana Kwame, Gebeltová, Zdeňka, Bowa, Mwila, Maitah, Kamil
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agricultural economics; Agricultural practices; Agricultural production; Agriculture; Anthropogenic factors; ARDL bounds test; Burning; Carbon dioxide; carbon emissions; Climate change; Deforestation; Econometrics; Economic development; Economic growth; Electricity; Electricity consumption; Emissions; energy; Energy consumption; Energy sources; Environmental degradation; Environmental protection; Fertilizers; Global warming; Greenhouse effect; Greenhouse gases; Human influences; Reforestation; Renewable energy sources; Sustainable development; Zambia
• ISSN: 1996-1073; 1996-1073
• DOI: 10.3390/en14248339

The world has experienced increased impacts of anthropogenic global warming due to increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which include carbon dioxide (CO2). Anthropogenic activities that contribute to CO2 emissions include deforestation, usage of fertilizers, and activities related to mining and energy production. The main objective of this paper was to assess the impacts of agriculture and energy production on CO2 emissions in Zambia. This research used econometric analysis, specifically the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Test, to analyze the relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP, electricity consumption, agricultural production, and industry value added. The results showed the presence of cointegration, where the variables of CO2 emissions, GDP, electricity, and agriculture converge to a long-run equilibrium at the rate of 74%. Further, there was a short-run causality towards CO2 emissions running from agriculture and the consumption of energy as indicated by the Wald test. This is the first study of its kind that empirically shows the impact of agricultural activities and energy consumption on the Zambian environment through their contribution to CO2 emissions at a macro (country) level. This paper also presents recommendations that are pertinent to mitigate these effects. To deescalate environmental degradation, we propose increasing the number of access points for multiple renewable energy sources across the country; discouraging deforestation, the usage of conventional fertilizers, and the burning of vegetation for fertilizers; encouraging afforestation and reforestation, in addition to providing subsidies, training, and financial support to farmers and entrepreneurs who decide to use environmentally friendly agricultural methods and renewable energy. This research highlights the serious impacts of anthropogenic activities on CO2 emissions. The study was intended to assist Zambian policymakers in formulating and implementing environmentally friendly policy measures or systems that will contribute towards environmental protection commitments and sustainable economic development.