Mechanisms of Glucose Absorption in the Small Intestine in Health and Metabolic Diseases and Their Role in Appetite Regulation

The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes shows an upward trend in recent decades. A characteristic feature of these diseases is hyperglycemia which can be associated with hyperphagia. Absorption of glucose in the small intestine physiolog...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Nutrients 2021-07, Vol.13 (7), p.2474
Main Authors: Gromova, Lyudmila V, Fetissov, Serguei O, Gruzdkov, Andrey A
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Absorption
Appetite
Blood
Blood sugar
Carbohydrates
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent)
Diabetes therapy
Diet
Diseases
Glucose
Glucose metabolism
Glucose transporter
gut-brain axis
Health services
Hyperglycemia
Hyperphagia
Hypoglycemic agents
insulin resistance
Intestine
Metabolic disorders
Metabolic syndrome
obesity metabolic syndrome
Peptides
Physiological aspects
Physiology
Reabsorption
Regulation
Review
Small intestine
Type 2 diabetes
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Summary:The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes shows an upward trend in recent decades. A characteristic feature of these diseases is hyperglycemia which can be associated with hyperphagia. Absorption of glucose in the small intestine physiologically contributes to the regulation of blood glucose levels, and hence, appears as a putative target for treatment of hyperglycemia. In fact, recent progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glucose absorption in the gut and its reabsorption in the kidney helped to develop a new strategy of diabetes treatment. Changes in blood glucose levels are also involved in regulation of appetite, suggesting that glucose absorption may be relevant to hyperphagia in metabolic diseases. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of glucose absorption in the small intestine in physiological conditions and their alterations in metabolic diseases as well as their relevance to the regulation of appetite. The key role of SGLT1 transporter in intestinal glucose absorption in both physiological conditions and in diabetes was clearly established. We conclude that although inhibition of small intestinal glucose absorption represents a valuable target for the treatment of hyperglycemia, it is not always suitable for the treatment of hyperphagia. In fact, independent regulation of glucose absorption and appetite requires a more complex approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
ISSN:2072-6643
2072-6643
DOI:10.3390/nu13072474