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Adverse Childhood Experience as a Risk Factor for Developing Type 2 Diabetes among the Jazan Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), such as childhood abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction, prevent appropriate emotional, behavioral, and physical development. They are also a major public health issue, and have been debatably linked to chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM...
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| Published in: | Children (Basel) 2023-03, Vol.10 (3), p.499 |
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| creator | Oraibi, Omar Ghalibi, Ali T Shami, Mohammed O Khawaji, Meshal J Madkhali, Khalid A Yaseen, Abdulrahman M Hakami, Sultan M Alhazmi, Nirmin H Mahla, Khulud H Qumayri, Marwah A Majrashi, Khalid A Hummadi, Abdulrahman Madkhali, Mohammed A Alhazmi, Abdulaziz H |
| description | Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), such as childhood abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction, prevent appropriate emotional, behavioral, and physical development. They are also a major public health issue, and have been debatably linked to chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is highly prevalent in Saudi Arabia, and various theories have been raised to explain the epidemiology of diabetes. However, few studies have discussed the relationship between ACEs and T2DM. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association between ACEs and T2DM in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia.
This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated questionnaire distributed among patients with T2DM in a diabetes center. The
-test and Chi-Square test were used for comparison, and the
-value was set at |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/children10030499 |
| format | article |
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This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated questionnaire distributed among patients with T2DM in a diabetes center. The
-test and Chi-Square test were used for comparison, and the
-value was set at <0.05 for significance.
A total of 579 participants were involved in this study, and 303 (52.33%) were female. Among the included participants, 45.25% were diagnosed with T2DM. About 28.71% of participants with diabetes experienced verbal abuse, 16.09% experienced physical abuse, and 30.91% reported that parents beat them. Additionally, 1.58% of participants with diabetes reported living with a family member who abused substances, 8.83% believed that no one would take them to the doctor even if essential, 12.62% of participants with diabetes felt that no one would protect them, and 23.03% reported that they felt no one in their family loved them. All reported ACEs were significantly associated with a high risk of T2DM (
< 0.05), and the more frequent the ACEs, the more the risk of T2DM (
= 0.0001).
This study indicated that ACEs are significantly associated with the development of T2DM, and the risk increases with the frequency of ACEs, which aligns with other studies. Further national studies are required to understand how ACEs could contribute to T2DM, and preventive interventions in childhood must be considered to reduce the burden of T2DM.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2227-9067</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2227-9067</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/children10030499</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36980057</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>abuse ; Adverse childhood experiences ; Body mass index ; child abuse ; Childhood ; Chronic illnesses ; Cross-sectional studies ; Data collection ; Diabetes ; Diabetes in children ; Emotional abuse ; Income distribution ; Mental disorders ; Overweight ; Questionnaires ; Risk factors ; Saudi Arabia ; Statistical analysis ; Type 2 diabetes ; type 2 diabetes mellitus</subject><ispartof>Children (Basel), 2023-03, Vol.10 (3), p.499</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c558t-aa317daf27d80f4a6944ca84eb7f627a8efb3966dd1456d48377e195a3e3c72b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c558t-aa317daf27d80f4a6944ca84eb7f627a8efb3966dd1456d48377e195a3e3c72b3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5294-4439 ; 0000-0002-4260-6540 ; 0000-0003-4621-1113 ; 0000-0002-3190-0138</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2791597504?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2791597504?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,25753,27924,27925,37012,37013,38516,43895,44590,53791,53793,74412,75126</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36980057$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Oraibi, Omar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghalibi, Ali T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shami, Mohammed O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khawaji, Meshal J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madkhali, Khalid A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yaseen, Abdulrahman M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hakami, Sultan M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alhazmi, Nirmin H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahla, Khulud H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qumayri, Marwah A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Majrashi, Khalid A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hummadi, Abdulrahman</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madkhali, Mohammed A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alhazmi, Abdulaziz H</creatorcontrib><title>Adverse Childhood Experience as a Risk Factor for Developing Type 2 Diabetes among the Jazan Population: A Cross-Sectional Study</title><title>Children (Basel)</title><addtitle>Children (Basel)</addtitle><description>Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), such as childhood abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction, prevent appropriate emotional, behavioral, and physical development. They are also a major public health issue, and have been debatably linked to chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is highly prevalent in Saudi Arabia, and various theories have been raised to explain the epidemiology of diabetes. However, few studies have discussed the relationship between ACEs and T2DM. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association between ACEs and T2DM in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia.
This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated questionnaire distributed among patients with T2DM in a diabetes center. The
-test and Chi-Square test were used for comparison, and the
-value was set at <0.05 for significance.
A total of 579 participants were involved in this study, and 303 (52.33%) were female. Among the included participants, 45.25% were diagnosed with T2DM. About 28.71% of participants with diabetes experienced verbal abuse, 16.09% experienced physical abuse, and 30.91% reported that parents beat them. Additionally, 1.58% of participants with diabetes reported living with a family member who abused substances, 8.83% believed that no one would take them to the doctor even if essential, 12.62% of participants with diabetes felt that no one would protect them, and 23.03% reported that they felt no one in their family loved them. All reported ACEs were significantly associated with a high risk of T2DM (
< 0.05), and the more frequent the ACEs, the more the risk of T2DM (
= 0.0001).
This study indicated that ACEs are significantly associated with the development of T2DM, and the risk increases with the frequency of ACEs, which aligns with other studies. Further national studies are required to understand how ACEs could contribute to T2DM, and preventive interventions in childhood must be considered to reduce the burden of T2DM.</description><subject>abuse</subject><subject>Adverse childhood experiences</subject><subject>Body mass index</subject><subject>child abuse</subject><subject>Childhood</subject><subject>Chronic illnesses</subject><subject>Cross-sectional studies</subject><subject>Data collection</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Diabetes in children</subject><subject>Emotional abuse</subject><subject>Income distribution</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Overweight</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Saudi Arabia</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Type 2 diabetes</subject><subject>type 2 diabetes mellitus</subject><issn>2227-9067</issn><issn>2227-9067</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>COVID</sourceid><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptks1v0zAYxiMEYtPYnROyxIVLh2M7ccwFVd0HQ5NAbJytN_ab1iWNg51UlBN_-tx1jHVClmXr9fP8rPcjy17n9IRzRd-bhWttwC6nlFOh1LPskDEmJ4qW8vmj-0F2HOOSUppzVrBKvswOeKkqSgt5mP2Z2jWGiGS2pS28t-TsV4_BYWeQQCRAvrn4g5yDGXwgTdqnuMbW966bk5tNj4SRUwc1DpjEK5-iwwLJZ_gNHfnq-7GFwfnuA5mSWfAxTq7RbAPQkuthtJtX2YsG2ojH9-dR9v387Gb2aXL15eJyNr2amKKohgkAz6WFhklb0UZAqYQwUAmsZVMyCRU2NVdlaW0uitKKikuJuSqAIzeS1fwou9xxrYel7oNbQdhoD07fBXyYawiDMy1qimhMzUCaAoSitqZC8MbyvGFlzmyeWB93rH6sV2gNdkOAdg-6_9K5hZ77tU6tElLKMhHe3ROC_zliHPTKRYNtCx36MWomFUstVVIl6dsn0qUfQ6rfnSovlCyo-KeaQ8rAdY1PH5stVE-l4LJktKJJdfIfVVoWV874DhuX4nsGujOYbe8CNg9J5lRvp1A_ncJkefO4OA-GvzPHbwGEw9jt</recordid><startdate>20230301</startdate><enddate>20230301</enddate><creator>Oraibi, Omar</creator><creator>Ghalibi, Ali T</creator><creator>Shami, Mohammed O</creator><creator>Khawaji, Meshal J</creator><creator>Madkhali, Khalid A</creator><creator>Yaseen, Abdulrahman M</creator><creator>Hakami, Sultan M</creator><creator>Alhazmi, Nirmin H</creator><creator>Mahla, Khulud H</creator><creator>Qumayri, Marwah A</creator><creator>Majrashi, Khalid A</creator><creator>Hummadi, Abdulrahman</creator><creator>Madkhali, Mohammed A</creator><creator>Alhazmi, Abdulaziz H</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-4439</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4260-6540</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4621-1113</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3190-0138</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230301</creationdate><title>Adverse Childhood Experience as a Risk Factor for Developing Type 2 Diabetes among the Jazan Population: A Cross-Sectional Study</title><author>Oraibi, Omar ; Ghalibi, Ali T ; Shami, Mohammed O ; Khawaji, Meshal J ; Madkhali, Khalid A ; Yaseen, Abdulrahman M ; Hakami, Sultan M ; Alhazmi, Nirmin H ; Mahla, Khulud H ; Qumayri, Marwah A ; Majrashi, Khalid A ; Hummadi, Abdulrahman ; Madkhali, Mohammed A ; Alhazmi, Abdulaziz H</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c558t-aa317daf27d80f4a6944ca84eb7f627a8efb3966dd1456d48377e195a3e3c72b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>abuse</topic><topic>Adverse childhood experiences</topic><topic>Body mass index</topic><topic>child abuse</topic><topic>Childhood</topic><topic>Chronic illnesses</topic><topic>Cross-sectional studies</topic><topic>Data collection</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Diabetes in children</topic><topic>Emotional abuse</topic><topic>Income distribution</topic><topic>Mental disorders</topic><topic>Overweight</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Saudi Arabia</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Type 2 diabetes</topic><topic>type 2 diabetes mellitus</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Oraibi, Omar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghalibi, Ali T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shami, Mohammed O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khawaji, Meshal J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madkhali, Khalid A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yaseen, Abdulrahman M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hakami, Sultan M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alhazmi, Nirmin H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahla, Khulud H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qumayri, Marwah A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Majrashi, Khalid A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hummadi, Abdulrahman</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madkhali, Mohammed A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alhazmi, Abdulaziz H</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest_Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Coronavirus Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Children (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Oraibi, Omar</au><au>Ghalibi, Ali T</au><au>Shami, Mohammed O</au><au>Khawaji, Meshal J</au><au>Madkhali, Khalid A</au><au>Yaseen, Abdulrahman M</au><au>Hakami, Sultan M</au><au>Alhazmi, Nirmin H</au><au>Mahla, Khulud H</au><au>Qumayri, Marwah A</au><au>Majrashi, Khalid A</au><au>Hummadi, Abdulrahman</au><au>Madkhali, Mohammed A</au><au>Alhazmi, Abdulaziz H</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Adverse Childhood Experience as a Risk Factor for Developing Type 2 Diabetes among the Jazan Population: A Cross-Sectional Study</atitle><jtitle>Children (Basel)</jtitle><addtitle>Children (Basel)</addtitle><date>2023-03-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>499</spage><pages>499-</pages><issn>2227-9067</issn><eissn>2227-9067</eissn><abstract>Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), such as childhood abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction, prevent appropriate emotional, behavioral, and physical development. They are also a major public health issue, and have been debatably linked to chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is highly prevalent in Saudi Arabia, and various theories have been raised to explain the epidemiology of diabetes. However, few studies have discussed the relationship between ACEs and T2DM. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association between ACEs and T2DM in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia.
This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated questionnaire distributed among patients with T2DM in a diabetes center. The
-test and Chi-Square test were used for comparison, and the
-value was set at <0.05 for significance.
A total of 579 participants were involved in this study, and 303 (52.33%) were female. Among the included participants, 45.25% were diagnosed with T2DM. About 28.71% of participants with diabetes experienced verbal abuse, 16.09% experienced physical abuse, and 30.91% reported that parents beat them. Additionally, 1.58% of participants with diabetes reported living with a family member who abused substances, 8.83% believed that no one would take them to the doctor even if essential, 12.62% of participants with diabetes felt that no one would protect them, and 23.03% reported that they felt no one in their family loved them. All reported ACEs were significantly associated with a high risk of T2DM (
< 0.05), and the more frequent the ACEs, the more the risk of T2DM (
= 0.0001).
This study indicated that ACEs are significantly associated with the development of T2DM, and the risk increases with the frequency of ACEs, which aligns with other studies. Further national studies are required to understand how ACEs could contribute to T2DM, and preventive interventions in childhood must be considered to reduce the burden of T2DM.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>36980057</pmid><doi>10.3390/children10030499</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-4439</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4260-6540</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4621-1113</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3190-0138</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Children (Basel), 2023-03, Vol.10 (3), p.499 |
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| source | Open Access: PubMed Central; Access via ProQuest (Open Access); Coronavirus Research Database |
| subjects | abuse Adverse childhood experiences Body mass index child abuse Childhood Chronic illnesses Cross-sectional studies Data collection Diabetes Diabetes in children Emotional abuse Income distribution Mental disorders Overweight Questionnaires Risk factors Saudi Arabia Statistical analysis Type 2 diabetes type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| title | Adverse Childhood Experience as a Risk Factor for Developing Type 2 Diabetes among the Jazan Population: A Cross-Sectional Study |
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