JC Polyomavirus, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a review

The human neurotropic virus JC Polyomavirus, a member of the Polyomaviridae family, is the opportunistic infectious agent causing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, typically in immunocompromised individuals. The spectrum of underlying reasons for the systemic immunosuppression that permits...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:AIDS research and therapy 2020-07, Vol.17 (1), p.1-37, Article 37
Main Authors: Harypursat, Vijay, Zhou, Yihong, Tang, Shengquan, Chen, Yaokai
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Age
AIDS
Biopsy
Care and treatment
Central nervous system
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Development and progression
DNA
Encephalitis
Evolution
Genomes
Health aspects
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
Immune reconstitution
Immunocompromised host
Immunocompromised state
Immunologic diseases
Immunosuppression
Infections
Inflammation
Laboratories
Lethality
Leukoencephalopathy
Monoclonal antibodies
Morbidity
Mortality
Mutation
Oligodendrocyte
Pathogenesis
Patients
Polyomavirus
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Restoration
Review
Signs and symptoms
Viral infections
Viruses
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Summary:The human neurotropic virus JC Polyomavirus, a member of the Polyomaviridae family, is the opportunistic infectious agent causing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, typically in immunocompromised individuals. The spectrum of underlying reasons for the systemic immunosuppression that permits JCV infection in the central nervous system has evolved over the past 2 decades, and therapeutic immunosuppression arousing JCV infection in the brain has become increasingly prominent as a trigger for PML. Effective immune restoration subsequent to human immunodeficiency virus-related suppression is now recognized as a cause for unexpected deterioration of symptoms in patients with PML, secondary to a rebound inflammatory phenomenon called immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, resulting in significantly increased morbidity and mortality in a disease already infamous for its lethality. This review addresses current knowledge regarding JC Polyomavirus, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, and the immunocompromised states that incite JC Polyomavirus central nervous system infection, and discusses prospects for the future management of these conditions.
ISSN:1742-6405
1742-6405
DOI:10.1186/s12981-020-00293-0