Apoptosis in the Extraosseous Calcification Process

Extraosseous calcification is a pathologic mineralization process occurring in soft connective tissues (e.g., skin, vessels, tendons, and cartilage). It can take place on a genetic basis or as a consequence of acquired chronic diseases. In this last case, the etiology is multifactorial, including bo...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2021-01, Vol.10 (1), p.131
Main Authors: Boraldi, Federica, Lofaro, Francesco Demetrio, Quaglino, Daniela
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Age
Aging
Apoptosis
Arthritis
Atherosclerosis
Biosynthesis
Calcification
Cartilage
cell death
Chronic illnesses
Connective tissue
Connective tissues
Diabetes
ectopic mineralization
Enzymes
Etiology
Extracellular matrix
Homeostasis
Hydroxyapatite
Kidney diseases
Lipids
Matrix vesicles
Membrane vesicles
Metabolism
Mineralization
Mitochondria
Mutation
Osteoarthritis
Oxidative stress
Phosphatase
Proteins
Review
Tendons
vascular tissue
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Summary:Extraosseous calcification is a pathologic mineralization process occurring in soft connective tissues (e.g., skin, vessels, tendons, and cartilage). It can take place on a genetic basis or as a consequence of acquired chronic diseases. In this last case, the etiology is multifactorial, including both extra- and intracellular mechanisms, such as the formation of membrane vesicles (e.g., matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies), mitochondrial alterations, and oxidative stress. This review is an overview of extraosseous calcification mechanisms focusing on the relationships between apoptosis and mineralization in cartilage and vascular tissues, as these are the two tissues mostly affected by a number of age-related diseases having a progressively increased impact in Western Countries.
ISSN:2073-4409
2073-4409
DOI:10.3390/cells10010131