How does domestic migration pose a challenge in achieving equitable social health insurance benefits in China? A national cross-sectional study

• Published in: BMJ open 2022-08, Vol.12 (8), p.e060551-e060551
• Main Authors: Wang, Haiqin, Liang, Di, Zhang, Donglan, Hou, Zhiyuan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cities; Cross-sectional studies; Educational attainment; Employees; Family planning; Health care; health economics; Health insurance; Health Policy; health services administration & management; Health services utilization; Insurance coverage; Migration; Outpatient care facilities; Reimbursement; Socioeconomic factors; Subsidies; Urban areas; Urbanization
• ISSN: 2044-6055; 2044-6055
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060551

ObjectivesTo evaluate the benefit distribution of social health insurance among domestic migrants in China.DesignA national cross-sectional survey.Setting348 cities from 32 provincial units in China.Participants1165 domestic migrants who used inpatient care services in the city of a new residence and had social health insurance.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe probability of receiving reimbursements from social health insurance, the amounts and ratio of reimbursement received.ResultsAmong migrants who used inpatient care in 2013, only 67% received reimbursements from social health insurance, and the reimbursement amount only accounted for 47% of the inpatient care expenditure. The broader the geographical scope of migration, the lower the probability of receiving reimbursement and the reimbursement ratio, but the higher the reimbursement amount. Specifically, the probability of receiving reimbursements for those who migrated across cities or provinces was significantly lower by 14.7% or 26.0%, respectively, than those who migrated within a city. However, they received significantly higher reimbursement amounts by 33.4% or 27.2%, respectively, than those who migrated within a city. And those who migrated across provinces had the lowest reimbursement ratio, although not reaching significance level.ConclusionsThe unequal benefit distribution among domestic migrants may be attributed to the fragmented health insurance design that relies on localised administration, and later reimbursement approach that migrating patients pay for health services up-front and get reimbursement later from health insurance. To improve the equity in social health insurance benefits, China has been promoting the portability of social health insurance, immediate reimbursement for inpatient care used across regions, and a more integrated health insurance system. Efforts should also be made to control inflation of healthcare expenditures and prevent inverse government subsidies from out-migration regions to in-migration regions. This study has policy implications for China and other low/middle-income countries that experience rapid urbanisation and domestic migration.