Neuroimaging in acute infection-triggered encephalopathy syndromes

Acute encephalopathy associated with infectious diseases occurs frequently in Japanese children (400–700 children/year) and is the most common in infants aged 0–3 years. Acute encephalopathy is classified into several clinicoradiological syndromes; acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and lat...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Frontiers in neuroscience 2023-08, Vol.17, p.1235364-1235364
Main Authors: Takanashi, Jun-ichi, Uetani, Hiroyuki
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion
acute necrotizing encephalopathy
arterial spin labeling
Bacterial infections
Brownian motion
Cerebrospinal fluid
Consciousness
Convulsions & seizures
Cytotoxicity
Diagnosis
diffusion-weighted imaging
Disability
Disease
Edema
Encephalitis
Encephalopathy
Hemorrhage
Infections
Infectious diseases
Influenza
Lesions
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
MR spectroscopy
Nervous system
Neuroimaging
Neuroscience
Rotavirus
Seizures
Spectrum analysis
Spin labeling
Thalamus
Viruses
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Summary:Acute encephalopathy associated with infectious diseases occurs frequently in Japanese children (400–700 children/year) and is the most common in infants aged 0–3 years. Acute encephalopathy is classified into several clinicoradiological syndromes; acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is the most common subtype, followed by clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) and acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE). Neuroimaging, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is useful for the diagnosis, assessment of treatment efficacy, and evaluation of the pathophysiology of encephalopathy syndromes. MRI findings essential for diagnosis include delayed subcortical reduced diffusion (bright tree appearance) for AESD, reversible splenial lesions with homogeneously reduced diffusion for MERS, and symmetric hemorrhagic thalamic lesions for ANE. We reviewed several MRI techniques that have been applied in recent years, including diffusion-weighted imaging for the characterization of cerebral edema, arterial spin labeling for evaluating cerebral perfusion, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy for evaluating metabolic abnormality.
ISSN:1662-453X
1662-4548
1662-453X
DOI:10.3389/fnins.2023.1235364