Optimized Non-Integer Load Frequency Control Scheme for Interconnected Microgrids in Remote Areas with High Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicle Penetrations

• Published in: Mathematics (Basel) 2023-04, Vol.11 (9), p.2080
• Main Authors: Aly, Mokhtar, Mohamed, Emad A., Noman, Abdullah M., Ahmed, Emad M., El-Sousy, Fayez F. M., Watanabe, Masayuki
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Alternative energy sources; Automobiles, Electric; Case studies; Control systems design; Control theory; Controllers; Design optimization; Design techniques; Distributed generation; Electric power systems; Electric vehicles; electric vehicles (EVs); Electrical loads; Energy storage; equilibrium optimizer; Fossil fuels; Frequency control; Frequency stability; Imperialism; Inclusions; Integers; load frequency control; Mathematical optimization; Mathematics; non-integer controllers; Optimization algorithms; Optimization techniques; Power; Proportional integral derivative; Remote control; Remote regions; Renewable energy; Renewable resources; Robust control; slime-mould algorithm
• ISSN: 2227-7390; 2227-7390
• DOI: 10.3390/math11092080

Renewable energy systems (RESs) have introduced themselves as vital solutions for energy supply in remote regions, wherein main utility supply systems are not available. The construction of microgrid (MG) systems is useful candidate for proper control and management with hybrid RESs. However, RESs-based MGs face reduced power system inertia due to the dependency of RESs on power electronic converter systems. Accordingly, preserving nominal operating frequency and reduced deviations in tie-line power are crucial elements for proper operation of interconnected MGs in remote areas. To overcome this problem, load frequency control (LFC) systems have proven featured solutions. Therefore, this paper proposes a new non-integer LFC method based on the fractional order (FO) control theory for LFC in interconnected MGs in remote areas. The proposed control is based on the three degree of freedom (3DoF) cascaded 1+proportional-integral-derivative-accelerated (PIDA) controller with FOPI controller, namely 3DoF 1+PIDA/FOPI LFC scheme. The proposed 3DoF 1+PIDA/FOPItakes the advantages of the accelerated term of PIDA control to improve power system transients, regarding maximum overshoot/undershoot and settling times. Additionally, it employs outer loop to reduce errors and faster inner loop to mitigate disturbances effects. The contribution of plug-in controlled electric vehicles (EVs) are considered to enhance the frequency regulation functions. An optimized design of the proposed 3DoF 1+PIDA/FOPI LFC scheme is proposed using the newly developed hybrid equilibrium optimizer (EO)-slime mould optimization (SMA) algorithm (namely EOSMA optimizer). The EOSMA combines the features of the EO and SMA powerful optimization algorithms. A two interconnected MGs in remote areas with RESs and EVs inclusions with high penetration levels is selected to verify the proposed 3DoF 1+PIDA/FOPI LFC scheme and the EOSMA optimizer. The results show high ability of the proposed controller and design scheme to minimize MGs’ frequency and tie-line power fluctuations and to preserve frequency stability and security.