River-ice and water velocities using the Planet optical cubesat constellation

• Published in: Hydrology and earth system sciences 2019-10, Vol.23 (10), p.4233-4247
• Main Authors: Kääb, Andreas, Altena, Bas, Mascaro, Joseph
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aircraft; Cloud cover; Cubesat; Earth; Earth surface; Environmental aspects; Ice; Ice breakup; Ice cover; Ice floes; Image processing; Image resolution; Orbits (Astrophysics); Pack ice; Planes; Remote sensing; River ice; Rivers; Satellite constellations; Sea surface; Surface velocity; Swaths; Time lag; Tracking; Velocity; Water
• ISSN: 1607-7938; 1027-5606; 1607-7938
• DOI: 10.5194/hess-23-4233-2019

The PlanetScope constellation consists of ∼150 optical cubesats that are evenly distributed like strings of pearls on two orbital planes, scanning the Earth's land surface once per day with an approximate spatial image resolution of 3 m. Subsequent cubesats on each of the orbital planes image the Earth surface with a nominal time lag of approximately 90 s between them, which produces near-simultaneous image pairs over the across-track overlaps of the cubesat swaths. We exploit this short time lag between subsequent Planet cubesat images to track river ice floes on northern rivers as indicators of water surface velocities. The method is demonstrated for a 60 km long reach of the Amur River in Siberia, and a 200 km long reach of the Yukon River in Alaska. The accuracy of the estimated horizontal surface velocities is of the order of ±0.01 m s−1. The application of our approach is complicated by cloud cover and low sun angles at high latitudes during the periods where rivers typically carry ice floes, and by the fact that the near-simultaneous swath overlaps, by design, do not cover the complete Earth surface. Still, the approach enables direct remote sensing of river surface velocities for numerous cold-region rivers at a number of locations and occasionally several times per year – which is much more frequent and over much larger areas than currently feasible. We find that freeze-up conditions seem to offer ice floes that are generally more suitable for tracking, and over longer time periods, compared with typical ice break-up conditions. The coverage of river velocities obtained could be particularly useful in combination with satellite measurements of river area, and river surface height and slope.