An Overview of Helicobacter pylori Survival Tactics in the Hostile Human Stomach Environment

is well established as a causative agent for gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Armed with various inimitable virulence factors, this Gram-negative bacterium is one of few microorganisms that is capable of circumventing the harsh environment of the stomach. The unique spiral structure, fla...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Microorganisms (Basel) 2021-12, Vol.9 (12), p.2502
Main Authors: Cheok, Yi Ying, Lee, Chalystha Yie Qin, Cheong, Heng Choon, Vadivelu, Jamuna, Looi, Chung Yeng, Abdullah, Suhailah, Wong, Won Fen
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Antigens
Bacteria
CagA
Cancer
Chronic infection
Dendritic cells
Epithelial cells
Epithelium
Flagella
Gastric cancer
Gastritis
Genomes
Gram-negative bacteria
Helicobacter pylori
Immune system
Infections
Inflammation
Lymphocytes
Membrane proteins
Microorganisms
Mucosa
outer membrane protein
Outer membrane proteins
Peptic ulcers
Proteins
Review
Stomach
Survival
Tactics
type IV secretion system
Urease
VacA
Vaccine development
Virulence
Virulence factors
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Summary:is well established as a causative agent for gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Armed with various inimitable virulence factors, this Gram-negative bacterium is one of few microorganisms that is capable of circumventing the harsh environment of the stomach. The unique spiral structure, flagella, and outer membrane proteins accelerate movement within the viscous gastric mucosal layers while facilitating its attachment to the epithelial cells. Furthermore, secretion of urease from eases the acidic pH within the stomach, thus creating a niche for bacteria survival and replication. Upon gaining a foothold in the gastric epithelial lining, bacterial protein CagA is injected into host cells through a type IV secretion system (T4SS), which together with VacA, damage the gastric epithelial cells. does not only establishes colonization in the stomach, but also manipulates the host immune system to permit long-term persistence. Prolonged infection causes chronic inflammation that precedes gastric cancer. The current review provides a brief outlook on survival tactics, bacterial-host interaction and their importance in therapeutic intervention as well as vaccine development.
ISSN:2076-2607
2076-2607
DOI:10.3390/microorganisms9122502