Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown

Differential gene expression mechanisms ensure cellular differentiation and plasticity to shape ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversity of cell types. A key regulator of differential gene expression programs are the enhancers, the gene-distal cis-regulatory sequences that govern spatiotemporal and qu...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Genome Biology 2021-04, Vol.22 (1), p.108-108, Article 108
Main Authors: Panigrahi, Anil, O'Malley, Bert W
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Binding Sites
Chromatin - genetics
Chromatin - metabolism
Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
Chromosomes
Complement activation
Complement regulatory proteins
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA-Binding Proteins - metabolism
Enhancer Elements, Genetic
Enhancers
Evolution, Molecular
Gene expression
Gene Expression Regulation
Genome-Wide Association Study
Genomes
Genomics
Genomics - methods
Humans
Introns
Morphology
Mutation
Ontogeny
Phylogeny
Proteins
Regulatory sequences
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Review
RNA polymerase
Signal Transduction
Transcription activation
Transcriptional Activation
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Summary:Differential gene expression mechanisms ensure cellular differentiation and plasticity to shape ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversity of cell types. A key regulator of differential gene expression programs are the enhancers, the gene-distal cis-regulatory sequences that govern spatiotemporal and quantitative expression dynamics of target genes. Enhancers are widely believed to physically contact the target promoters to effect transcriptional activation. However, our understanding of the full complement of regulatory proteins and the definitive mechanics of enhancer action is incomplete. Here, we review recent findings to present some emerging concepts on enhancer action and also outline a set of outstanding questions.
ISSN:1474-760X
1474-7596
1474-760X
DOI:10.1186/s13059-021-02322-1