Skin Redox Balance Maintenance: The Need for an Nrf2-Activator Delivery System

The skin, being the largest organ of the body, functions as a barrier between our body and the environment. It is consistently exposed to various exogenous and endogenous stressors (e.g., air pollutants, ionizing and non-ionizing irradiation, toxins, mitochondrial metabolism, enzyme activity, inflam...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cosmetics (Basel) 2016-03, Vol.3 (1), p.1
Main Authors: Ben-Yehuda Greenwald, Maya, Ben-Sasson, Shmuel, Bianco-Peled, Havazelet, Kohen, Ron
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Antioxidants
Cancer
Cell cycle
Defense mechanisms
delivery system
Dermatitis
Drug delivery systems
Enzymatic activity
Enzymes
Gene expression
Homeostasis
Inflammatory diseases
Malignancy
Medical research
Mitochondria
Nanotechnology
Nrf2
Oxidative stress
Pollutants
Reactive oxygen species
Signal transduction
Skin
Skin diseases
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Summary:The skin, being the largest organ of the body, functions as a barrier between our body and the environment. It is consistently exposed to various exogenous and endogenous stressors (e.g., air pollutants, ionizing and non-ionizing irradiation, toxins, mitochondrial metabolism, enzyme activity, inflammatory process, etc.) producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and physical damage (e.g., wounds, sunburns) also resulting in reactive oxygen species production. Although skin is equipped with an array of defense mechanisms to counteract reactive oxygen species, augmented exposure and continued reactive oxygen species might result in excessive oxidative stress leading to many skin disorders including inflammatory diseases, pigmenting disorders and some types of cutaneous malignancy. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an emerging regulator of cellular resistance and of defensive enzymes such as the phase II enzymes. Induction of the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of a large number of skin disorders by stimulating an endogenous defense mechanism. However, prolonged and enhanced activation of this pathway is detrimental and, thus, limits the therapeutic potential of Keap1–Nrf2 modulators. Here, we review the consequences of oxidative stress to the skin, and the defense mechanisms that skin is equipped with. We describe the challenges of maintaining skin redox balance and its impact on skin status and function. Finally, we suggest a novel strategy for maintenance of skin redox homeostasis by modulating the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway using nanotechnology-based delivery systems.
ISSN:2079-9284
2079-9284
DOI:10.3390/cosmetics3010001