Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inter-Organ Miscommunications in T2D Progression

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences 2024-02, Vol.25 (3), p.1504
• Main Authors: Veluthakal, Rajakrishnan, Esparza, Diana, Hoolachan, Joseph M, Balakrishnan, Rekha, Ahn, Miwon, Oh, Eunjin, Jayasena, Chathurani S, Thurmond, Debbie C
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adenosine triphosphate; Antioxidants; Body fat; Cells; Communication; Development and progression; Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - metabolism; extracellular vesicles; Glucose; Health aspects; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; islet beta cells; Lipids; Metabolism; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Diseases; Mitochondrial DNA; Muscles; Musculoskeletal system; Obesity; Oxidation; Oxidative stress; Oxidative Stress - physiology; Physiological aspects; Physiology; Prediabetic State; Proteins; Reactive oxygen species; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; Type 2 diabetes
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031504

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogenous disease, and conventionally, peripheral insulin resistance (IR) was thought to precede islet β-cell dysfunction, promoting progression from prediabetes to T2D. New evidence suggests that T2D-lean individuals experience early β-cell dysfunction without significant IR. Regardless of the primary event (i.e., IR vs. β-cell dysfunction) that contributes to dysglycemia, significant early-onset oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple metabolic tissues may be a driver of T2D onset and progression. Oxidative stress, defined as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is mediated by hyperglycemia alone or in combination with lipids. Physiological oxidative stress promotes inter-tissue communication, while pathological oxidative stress promotes inter-tissue mis-communication, and new evidence suggests that this is mediated via extracellular vesicles (EVs), including mitochondria containing EVs. Under metabolic-related stress conditions, EV-mediated cross-talk between β-cells and skeletal muscle likely trigger mitochondrial anomalies leading to prediabetes and T2D. This article reviews the underlying molecular mechanisms in ROS-related pathogenesis of prediabetes, including mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics due to oxidative stress. Further, this review will describe the potential of various therapeutic avenues for attenuating oxidative damage, reversing prediabetes and preventing progression to T2D.