A Self-Error-Correction-Based Reversible Watermarking Scheme for Vector Maps

The existing digital watermarking schemes for vector maps focus mainly on the process of watermark embedding, while few works have been conducted on the topic of the self-optimization of watermark data in the process of watermark detection. There is thus still much room for accuracy improvement in w...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:ISPRS international journal of geo-information 2023-03, Vol.12 (3), p.84
Main Authors: Qiu, Yinguo, Sun, Jiuyun, Zheng, Jiaojue
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Accuracy
Algorithms
Apexes
Compression
copyright protection
Data compression
Detection
Digital watermarking
Digital watermarks
Embedding
Error correction
Optimization
reversible watermarking
self-error-correction
spatial data security
vector map
Wavelet transforms
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Summary:The existing digital watermarking schemes for vector maps focus mainly on the process of watermark embedding, while few works have been conducted on the topic of the self-optimization of watermark data in the process of watermark detection. There is thus still much room for accuracy improvement in watermark detection. In this paper, a model of mixed watermark data construction is built first. It constructs the error-correction codes and checking code of the original copyright watermark data and combines them to generate the final watermark data. Additionally, a lossless compression algorithm is designed for watermark data to constrain the total watermark length. Based on the constructed model, a self-error-correction-based reversible watermarking scheme is put forward for vector maps. In this scheme, map vertices are divided into non-intersecting groups first according to stability, and mixed watermark data are then embedded with respective vertex groups. Simulation results demonstrate that the watermark capacity of this scheme is 1.0000, the coordinate error caused by the watermark embedding process can be limited to no more than 0.00001 when the strength of watermark embedding is set to five, and several watermark bits can be effectively detected and corrected after watermark extraction. Experimental results and analysis show that it can strike a good balance among reversibility, invisibility, capacity and robustness. It can provide a novel solution to improve the watermark detection accuracy of digital watermarking schemes for vector maps.
ISSN:2220-9964
2220-9964
DOI:10.3390/ijgi12030084