What Sets the Star Formation Rate of Molecular Clouds? The Density Distribution as a Fingerprint of Compression and Expansion Rates

• Published in: The Astrophysical journal 2023-09, Vol.954 (1), p.93
• Main Authors: Appel, Sabrina M., Burkhart, Blakesley, Semenov, Vadim A., Federrath, Christoph, Rosen, Anna L., Tan, Jonathan C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Astronomy & Astrophysics; Astrophysics; Cloud formation; Compressing; Density distribution; Distribution functions; Fluctuations; Gas dynamics; Giant molecular clouds; Interstellar medium; Magnetic fields; Mass flux; Molecular clouds; Ozone; Power law; Probability distribution; Probability distribution functions; Protostars; Rarefied gases; Star & galaxy formation; Star formation; Star formation rate; Star forming regions; Stars; Stars & galaxies; Stellar magnetic fields; Theoretical models; Turbulence
• ISSN: 0004-637X; 1538-4357; 1538-4357
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ace897

We use a suite of 3D simulations of star-forming molecular clouds, with and without stellar feedback, magnetic fields, and driven turbulence, to study the compression and expansion rates of the gas as functions of density. We show that, around the mean density, supersonic turbulence promotes rough equilibrium between the amounts of compressing and expanding gas, consistent with continuous gas cycling between high- and low-density states. We find that the inclusion of protostellar jets produces rapidly expanding and compressing low-density gas. We find that the gas mass flux peaks at the transition between the lognormal and power-law forms of the density probability distribution function (PDF). This is consistent with the transition density tracking the post-shock density, which promotes an enhancement of mass at this density (i.e., shock compression and filament formation). At high densities, the gas dynamics are dominated by self-gravity: the compression rate in all of our runs matches the rate of the run with only gravity, suggesting that processes other than self-gravity have little effect at these densities. The net gas mass flux becomes constant at a density below the sink formation threshold, where it equals the star formation rate. The density at which the net gas mass flux equals the star formation rate is one order of magnitude lower than our sink threshold density, corresponds to the formation of the second power-law tail in the density PDF, and sets the overall star formation rates of these simulations.