SV40 Polyomavirus Activates the Ras-MAPK Signaling Pathway for Vacuolization, Cell Death, and Virus Release

• Published in: Viruses 2020-10, Vol.12 (10), p.1128
• Main Authors: Motamedi, Nasim, Sewald, Xaver, Luo, Yong, Mothes, Walther, DiMaio, Daniel
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antigens; Apoptosis; Capsid protein; Capsid Proteins; Cell death; Cell Death - physiology; Cell Line; Cell surface; Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA; DNA biosynthesis; DNA viruses; Encephalitis; Gene expression; Genomes; GM1; Humans; Infections; Intracellular signalling; Kinases; Lysis; lytic infection; MAP kinase; MAP Kinase Kinase 4 - metabolism; MAP Kinase Signaling System - physiology; Membranes; PML; Polyomavirus Infections - metabolism; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; Proteins; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein - metabolism; Rac1 protein; Ras protein; Replication; Signal transduction; Simian virus 40; Simian virus 40 - genetics; Simian virus 40 - metabolism; Transcription; Tumor Virus Infections - metabolism; vacuoles; Viral infections; Virus Release - physiology; Viruses; VP1 protein
• ISSN: 1999-4915; 1999-4915
• DOI: 10.3390/v12101128

Polyomaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that can cause severe disease in immunosuppressed individuals. Studies with SV40, a well-studied model polyomavirus, have revealed the role of host proteins in polyomavirus entry and trafficking to the nucleus, in viral transcription and DNA replication, and in cell transformation. In contrast, little is known about host factors or cellular signaling pathways involved in the late steps of productive infection leading to release of progeny polyomaviruses. We previously showed that cytoplasmic vacuolization, a characteristic late cytopathic effect of SV40 infection, depends on the specific interaction between the major viral capsid protein VP1 and its cell surface ganglioside receptor GM1. Here, we show that, late during infection, SV40 activates a signaling cascade in permissive monkey CV-1 cells involving Ras, Rac1, MKK4, and JNK to stimulate SV40-specific cytoplasmic vacuolization and subsequent cell lysis and virus release. Inhibition of individual components of this signaling pathway inhibits vacuolization, lysis, and virus release, even though high-level intracellular virus replication occurs. Identification of this pathway for SV40-induced vacuolization and virus release provides new insights into the late steps of non-enveloped virus infection.