Carcinoid Syndrome and Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia Associated with Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Critical Review on Clinical and Pharmacological Management

The carcinoid syndrome (CS) and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) represent two of the most common clinical syndromes associated with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). The former is mainly related to the serotonin secretion by a small bowel NEN, whereas the latter depends on an insulin hypersecretio...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2021-06, Vol.14 (6), p.539
Main Authors: Spada, Francesca, Rossi, Roberta E., Kara, Elda, Laffi, Alice, Massironi, Sara, Rubino, Manila, Grimaldi, Franco, Bhoori, Sherrie, Fazio, Nicola
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
carcinoid syndrome
Diarrhea
Disease
Heart
Hormones
insulinoma
Metabolism
Metabolites
Metastasis
Motility
NENs
Neuroendocrine tumors
Pathogenesis
Peptides
Review
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Summary:The carcinoid syndrome (CS) and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) represent two of the most common clinical syndromes associated with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). The former is mainly related to the serotonin secretion by a small bowel NEN, whereas the latter depends on an insulin hypersecretion by a pancreatic insulinoma. Both syndromes/conditions can affect prognosis and quality of life of patients with NENs. They are often diagnosed late when patients become strongly symptomatic. Therefore, their early detection and management are a critical step in the clinical management of NEN patients. A dedicated and experienced multidisciplinary team with appropriate therapeutic strategies is needed and should be encouraged to optimize clinical outcomes. This review aims to critically analyze clinical features, evidence and treatment options of CS and HH and therefore to improve their management.
ISSN:1424-8247
1424-8247
DOI:10.3390/ph14060539