Effect of Different N:P Ratios on the Growth, Toxicity, and Toxin Profile of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) Strains from the Gulf of California

• Published in: Toxins 2022-07, Vol.14 (7), p.501
• Main Authors: Hernández-Sandoval, Francisco E, Bustillos-Guzmán, José J, Band-Schmidt, Christine J, Núñez-Vázquez, Erick J, López-Cortés, David J, Fernández-Herrera, Leyberth J, Poot-Delgado, Carlos A, Moreno-Legorreta, Manuel
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Abundance; Animals; Aquaculture; Aquatic birds; Cell division; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coasts; Dinoflagellates; Dinoflagellida; Fisheries; Fluorescence in situ hybridization; Gulf of California; Gymnodinium catenatum; High-performance liquid chromatography; Light effects; Liquid chromatography; Mammals; Marine mammals; N:P ratio; Paralytic shellfish poisoning; paralytic toxins; Phosphorus; Poisoning; Production increases; Salinity; Saxitoxin; Saxitoxin - analysis; semi-continuous culture; Shellfish; Shellfish Poisoning; Toxicity; toxin profile; Toxins; Toxins, Biological
• ISSN: 2072-6651; 2072-6651
• DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070501

The harmful microalgae is a unique naked dinoflagellate that produces paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). This species is common along the coasts of the Mexican Pacific and is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning, which has resulted in notable financial losses in both fisheries and aquaculture. In the Gulf of California, has been related to mass mortality events in fish, shrimp, seabirds, and marine mammals. In this study, the growth, toxin profiles, and toxin content of four strains isolated from Bahía de La Paz (BAPAZ) and Bahía de Mazatlán (BAMAZ) were evaluated with different N:P ratios, keeping the phosphorus concentration constant. All strains were cultivated in semi-continuous cultures (200 mL, 21.0 °C, 120 µmol photon m s , and a 12:12 h light-dark cycle) with f/2 + Se medium using N:P ratios of: 4:1, 8:1, 16:1, 32:1, and 64:1. Paralytic toxins were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Maximum cellular abundance and growth were obtained at an N:P ratio of 64:1 (3188 cells mL and 0.34 div day ) with the BAMAZ and BAPAZ strains. A total of ten saxitoxin analogs dominated by N-sulfocarbamoyl (60-90 mol%), decarbamoyl (10-20 mol%), and carbamoyl (5-10 mol%) toxins were detected. The different N:P ratios did not cause significant changes in the PST content or toxin profiles of the strains from both bays, although they did affect cell abundance.