Coexistence of Standard Modifiable, Other Classical, and Novel and Classical Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Middle Eastern Young Women

• Published in: Vascular health and risk management 2024-07, Vol.20, p.313-322
• Main Authors: Al-Shudifat, Abdel-Ellah, Hammoudeh, Ayman J, Al Saud, Wesam, Ibdah, Rashid, Araydah, Mohammad, Zaqqa, Ayah, Fakhri, Zainab Raed, Haikal, Lubna Haikal Fawaz, Abuhalimeh, Lina Jamal, Alghabban, Zahraa, Ja'arah, Daria, Al-Mashayikh, Abdalluh Nabil, Alhaddad, Imad
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Atherosclerosis - diagnosis; Atherosclerosis - epidemiology; atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; Case-Control Studies; Cigarette Smoking - adverse effects; Cigarette Smoking - epidemiology; classical cardiovascular disease; Comparative analysis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - diagnosis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology; Dyslipidemias - diagnosis; Dyslipidemias - epidemiology; Female; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension - diagnosis; Hypertension - epidemiology; Middle Aged; Middle East - epidemiology; multiple standard modifiable risk factors; novel risk factors; Obesity; Obesity - diagnosis; Obesity - epidemiology; Prevalence; Risk Assessment; Risk factors; Sedentary Behavior; Smoking; Social Determinants of Health; Type 2 diabetes; Young Adult; Young women
• ISSN: 1178-2048; 1178-2048
• DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S468209

The coexistence of multiple standard modifiable risk factors (SMuRFs),classical and novel risk factors (RFs) for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is common in the Middle East (ME). There is a paucity of data on the coexistence of these RFs in ME young women. Comparing the prevalence and the statistical patterns of the SMuRFs, classical and novel RFs in target population. In this case-control (1:2) study, consecutive young women aged 18-50 years were enrolled in 12 centers (July 2021 to October 2023). Prevalence and coexistence of 19 RFs were compared between cases with ASCVD and their controls. The RFs included SMuRFs (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cigarette smoking), other classical RF (obesity, family history of premature ASCVD, and physical inactivity), novel RFs and social determinants of health (health insurance, place of residence, depression, and level of education). The study included 627 subjects; 209 had ASCVD (median age 46 years, IQR 49-42 years) and 418 controls (median age 45 years, IQR 48-41 years). The presence of 1-2 RFs; (ASCVD: 63.2%, Control: 54.1%, p=0.037) and 3-4 RFs; (ASCVD: 27.8%, Control: 3.3%, p < 0.001) SMuRFs was more prevalent in women with ASCVD. Similarly, the presence of 4-5 RFs; (ASCVD: 40.7%, Control: 14.6%, p