The Role of Nrf2/sMAF Signalling in Retina Ageing and Retinal Diseases

Age-related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and age-related macular disease, have become increasingly prominent as the population ages. Oxygen is essential for living organisms, but it may also cause disease when it is transform...

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Published in:Biomedicines 2023-05, Vol.11 (6), p.1512
Main Authors: Zhang, Jialing, Zhang, Ting, Zeng, Shaoxue, Zhang, Xinyuan, Zhou, Fanfan, Gillies, Mark C, Zhu, Ling
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aging
Alzheimer's disease
Amino acids
antioxidation
Apoptosis
Breast cancer
Cardiovascular diseases
Colorectal cancer
Dehydrogenases
Development and progression
Diabetes
DNA binding proteins
Enzymes
Genes
Homeostasis
Kinases
Leucine zipper proteins
Liu, Timothy
Medical prognosis
Melanoma
Movement disorders
Neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative diseases
Nrf2
Oxidation
Oxidative stress
Parkinson's disease
Pathogenesis
Photoreceptors
Prostate
Proteins
Reactive oxygen species
Retina
Review
sMAFs
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Summary:Age-related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and age-related macular disease, have become increasingly prominent as the population ages. Oxygen is essential for living organisms, but it may also cause disease when it is transformed into reactive oxygen species via biological processes in cells. Most of the production of ROS occurs in mitochondrial complexes I and III. The accumulation of ROS in cells causes oxidative stress, which plays a crucial role in human ageing and many diseases. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key antioxidant transcription factor that plays a central role in many diseases and ageing in general. It regulates many downstream antioxidative enzymes when cells are exposed to oxidative stress. A basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, MAF, specifically the small MAF subfamily (sMAFs), forms heterodimers with Nrf2, which bind with Maf-recognition elements (MAREs) in response to oxidative stress. The role of this complex in the human retina remains unclear. This review summarises the current knowledge about Nrf2 and its downstream signalling, especially its cofactor-MAF, in ageing and diseases, with a focus on the retina. Since Nrf2 is the master regulator of redox homeostasis in cells, we hypothesise that targeting Nrf2 is a promising therapeutic approach for many age-related diseases.
ISSN:2227-9059
2227-9059
DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11061512