Thioflavin-T: application as a neuronal body and nucleolar stain and the blue light photo enhancement effect

• Published in: Scientific reports 2024-10, Vol.14 (1), p.24846-17, Article 24846
• Main Authors: Min, Jin-Hong, Sarlus, Heela, Oasa, Sho, Harris, Robert A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 631/1647/245/2225; 631/1647/328/1978; 631/1647/328/2236; 631/378/87; Amyloid Beta; Animals; Benzothiazoles; Blue Light; Brain; Brain - metabolism; Brain - pathology; Cell body; Cell Nucleolus - metabolism; Central nervous system; Fluorescent Dyes - chemistry; Fluorophores; Humanities and Social Sciences; Humans; Light; Mice; multidisciplinary; Neuron; Neurons - metabolism; Neurons - pathology; Nissl; Nucleoli; Photo Enhancement; Plaque, Amyloid - metabolism; Plaque, Amyloid - pathology; Protein interaction; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Senile plaques; Staining and Labeling - methods; Stains; Stains & staining; Thioflavin-T
• ISSN: 2045-2322; 2045-2322
• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74359-8

Thioflavin-T (THT) is a common and indispensable tool for the study of amyloid pathologies and protein aggregation, both in vitro and for histological samples. In this study we expand the use of THT beyond its canonical usage for staining amyloid plaques and demonstrate its novel use as an easy and rapid stain comparable to fluorescent Nissl staining, allowing for clear discernment of neuronal cell bodies and also nucleoli in fixed tissue and live cells. We believe that this is of value for any lab that studies central nervous system (CNS) tissues. Furthermore, we show that THT could potentially be used as a an alternative to the use of fluorescent reporters or other more costly RNA binding compounds in the study of nucleolar dynamics owing to its ability to clearly stain nucleoli in live cells. We also discovered the previously unreported effect of blue light exposure on the photo enhancement of THT excited by a 488 nm laser in stained tissue sample and how to avoid complications arising from this effect. Finally, we provide a simple protocol that can be easily adjusted either for using THT as a neuronal cell body and nucleoli stain, compatible with antibody based staining methods tested up to 4 fluorophores, or alternatively by using an additional washing step the protocol may be used for amyloid plaque detection in fixed brain tissue.