DDM1-Mediated TE Silencing in Plants

Epigenetic modifications are indispensable for regulating gene bodies and TE silencing. DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION 1 (DDM1) is a chromatin remodeller involved in histone modifications and DNA methylation. Apart from maintaining the epigenome, DDM1 also maintains key plant traits such as flowering t...

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Published in:Plants (Basel) 2023-01, Vol.12 (3), p.437
Main Authors: Akinmusola, Ruth Y, Wilkins, Catherine-Axa, Doughty, James
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Arabidopsis thaliana
Chromatin
DDM1
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA damage
DNA methylation
Embryos
Epigenetic inheritance
Epigenetics
Evolution
Flowering
Gene loci
Gene silencing
Genetic aspects
Genomes
Genomics
Heterochromatin
Heterosis
Histone H1
Histone H2A
histone modifications
Histones
Methylation
Mutation
Physiological aspects
Plants
Proteins
Radiation
RdDM
Review
RNA
RNA-mediated interference
Roles
siRNA
small RNAs
Tomatoes
transposons
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creator Akinmusola, Ruth Y
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Doughty, James
description Epigenetic modifications are indispensable for regulating gene bodies and TE silencing. DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION 1 (DDM1) is a chromatin remodeller involved in histone modifications and DNA methylation. Apart from maintaining the epigenome, DDM1 also maintains key plant traits such as flowering time and heterosis. The role of DDM1 in epigenetic regulation is best characterised in plants, especially arabidopsis, rice, maize and tomato. The epigenetic changes induced by DDM1 establish the stable inheritance of many plant traits for at least eight generations, yet DDM1 does not methylate protein-coding genes. The DDM1 TE silencing mechanism is distinct and has evolved independently of other silencing pathways. Unlike the RNA-directed DNA Methylation (RdDM) pathway, DDM1 does not depend on siRNAs to enforce the heterochromatic state of TEs. Here, we review DDM1 TE silencing activity in the RdDM and non-RdDM contexts. The DDM1 TE silencing machinery is strongly associated with the histone linker H1 and histone H2A.W. While the linker histone H1 excludes the RdDM factors from methylating the heterochromatin, the histone H2A.W variant prevents TE mobility. The DDM1-H2A.W strategy alone silences nearly all the mobile TEs in the arabidopsis genome. Thus, the DDM1-directed TE silencing essentially preserves heterochromatic features and abolishes mobile threats to genome stability.
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While the linker histone H1 excludes the RdDM factors from methylating the heterochromatin, the histone H2A.W variant prevents TE mobility. The DDM1-H2A.W strategy alone silences nearly all the mobile TEs in the arabidopsis genome. 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While the linker histone H1 excludes the RdDM factors from methylating the heterochromatin, the histone H2A.W variant prevents TE mobility. The DDM1-H2A.W strategy alone silences nearly all the mobile TEs in the arabidopsis genome. 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ispartof Plants (Basel), 2023-01, Vol.12 (3), p.437
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subjects Arabidopsis thaliana
Chromatin
DDM1
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA damage
DNA methylation
Embryos
Epigenetic inheritance
Epigenetics
Evolution
Flowering
Gene loci
Gene silencing
Genetic aspects
Genomes
Genomics
Heterochromatin
Heterosis
Histone H1
Histone H2A
histone modifications
Histones
Methylation
Mutation
Physiological aspects
Plants
Proteins
Radiation
RdDM
Review
RNA
RNA-mediated interference
Roles
siRNA
small RNAs
Tomatoes
transposons
title DDM1-Mediated TE Silencing in Plants
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