A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

This study addresses the load frequency control (LFC) within a multiarea power system characterized by diverse generation sources across three distinct power system areas. area 1 comprises thermal, geothermal, and electric vehicle (EV) generation with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) s...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Energies (Basel) 2024-12, Vol.17 (23), p.5939
Main Authors: Nagendra, K., Varun, K., Pal, G. Som, Santosh, K., Semwal, Sunil, Badoni, Manoj, Kumar, Rajeev
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alternative energy sources
Analysis
Automobiles, Electric
Clean technology
Communication
Control algorithms
Electric power systems
Electric vehicles
electric vehicles (EVs)
Energy management systems
Energy resources
Energy storage
fractional-order controller
India
load frequency control
optimization
Optimization algorithms
Optimization techniques
renewable energy sources
Renewable resources
Small and medium sized companies
SMES
Superconductors
Supply & demand
Systems stability
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Summary:This study addresses the load frequency control (LFC) within a multiarea power system characterized by diverse generation sources across three distinct power system areas. area 1 comprises thermal, geothermal, and electric vehicle (EV) generation with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) support; area 2 encompasses thermal and EV generation; and area 3 includes hydro, gas, and EV generation. The objective is to minimize the area control error (ACE) under various scenarios, including parameter variations and random load changes, using different control strategies: proportional-integral-derivative (PID), two-degree-of-freedom PID (PID-2DF), fractional-order PID (FOPID), fractional-order integral (FOPID-FOI), and fractional-order integral and derivative (FOPID-FOID) controllers. The result analysis under various conditions (normal, random, and parameter variations) evidences the superior performance of the FOPID-FOID control scheme over the others in terms of time-domain specifications like oscillations and settling time. The FOPID-FOID control scheme provides advantages like adaptability/flexibility to system parameter changes and better response time for the current power system. This research is novel because it shows that the FOPID-FOID is an excellent control scheme that can integrate these diverse/renewable sources with modern systems.
ISSN:1996-1073
1996-1073
DOI:10.3390/en17235939