Dealing with Evaluative Expressions and Hate Speech Metaphors with Fuzzy Property Grammar Systems

• Published in: Axioms 2023-05, Vol.12 (5), p.484
• Main Authors: Torrens-Urrutia, Adrià, Jiménez-López, Maria Dolores, Campillo-Muñoz, Susana
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Context; Cooperation; evaluative expressions; Formalism; Fuzzy algorithms; fuzzy grammar; Fuzzy logic; Fuzzy systems; Grammar; grammar systems; Hate speech; Language; Linguistics; Machine learning; Metaphor; metaphors; Sentiment analysis; Social networks; System theory; vagueness; Violence
• ISSN: 2075-1680; 2075-1680
• DOI: 10.3390/axioms12050484

We introduce a Fuzzy Property Grammar System (FPGS), a formalism that integrates a Fuzzy Property Grammar into a linguistic grammar system to formally characterize metaphorical evaluative expressions. The main scope of this paper is to present the formalism of FPGS and to show how it might provide a formal characterization of hate speech linguistic evaluative expressions with metaphors (as fuzzy concepts), together with evaluating their degree of linguistic violence. Linguistic metaphors are full of semantic coercions. It is necessary to formally characterize the context of the communication to acknowledge the extralinguistic constraints of the pragmatic domain, which establishes whether an utterance is violent. To show the applicability of our formalism, we present a proof of concept. By compiling and tagging a 3000-tweet corpus, we have extracted a lexicon of hate speech metaphors. Furthermore, we show how FPGS architecture can deal with different types of hate speech and can identify implicit violent figurative evaluative expressions by context and type. Although we are still in the experimental phase of our project and cannot present conclusive results at the computational level, the proof-of-concept results show that our formalism can achieve the desired outcome.